Use of an Impaction-Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometric System for the Direct Determination of Cadmium,Copper, and Manganese in the Laboratory Atmosphere

Abstract

Results on an impaction-electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometric system for the direct, and on a nearly real-time basis, determination of cadmium, copper, and manganese in the laboratory atmosphere are presented. Background levels for cadmium were 3 ng m^?3, for copper were 100 ng m^?3, and for manganese were 30 ng m^?3 and were found to increase with activity in the vicinity of the system. Addition of a connecting faceplate to the impactor allowed a more convenient and accurate method of standardization to be achieved.     

单压吸收制冷系统中气泡泵的研究进展

单压吸收制冷能够使用低品位热源,是一种有利环保和能源有效利用的技术,具有十分广阔的应用前景。气泡泵是实现单压吸收制冷系统正常运转的关键部件,为单压吸收制冷系统的循环提供动力,因此研究气泡泵的性能对整个系统的运行具有重要的意义。文中介绍了气泡泵的工作原理以及流动模型,概括了近年来关于气泡泵的实验研究现状以及影响气泡泵提升性能的因素,并对气泡泵未来的研究进行了展望。     

Dynamic evolution of impaction and sticking behaviors of fly ash particle in pulverized coal combustion

This paper aims to reveal the mechanisms governing the impaction and sticking dynamics of fly ash particles in pulverized coal combustion. The modeling work is of relevance to experiments in a 25?kW self-sustained down-fired furnace, which provides a sequence of real deposit shapes as varied boundary conditions for CFD simulations. Although the formed ash deposit has a comparable length scale with the probe, it has little effect on the global impaction efficiency of newly-coming particles. However, as the deposit builds up, incident particles impact the deposit and probe at generally larger impact angles and smaller normal velocities despite the almost invariant global impaction efficiency. It results in an enhanced local sticking probability in the center region of the probe, but a decreased one in the lateral regions. The incident kinetic energy of newly sticking particles to the deposit exhibits a converse correlation with their impact angle. The relationship of the averaged local sticking probability as a function of the azimuthal angle of probe is illustrated. Finally, the effect of Reynolds number on global particle impaction efficiency is examined. A universal formula is proposed, which is of importance to bridge lab-scale experiments and practical applications.     

Experimental investigation of the impaction of water droplets on cylindrical objects

The impaction of water droplets on isothermal cylindrical wires has been investigated experimentally in the present study. Mono-size droplets of 110, 350 and 680 μm in diameter were generated using piezoelectric droplet generators. The effects of droplet velocity and wire size were varied parametrically to reveal the impacting phenomena. Typical modes of the impaction outcome are disintegration and dripping. For droplets impacting on small wires, finer drops are disintegrated if the impacting droplet velocity is high, and larger dripping drops are observed if the velocity is low. For droplets impacting on large wires, bigger pendent drops are gradually formed which would eventually detach from the wires under the influence of gravity. In addition, droplets impacting on wires with waxy surface generate smaller dripping drops than that of the non-waxed wires. A non-dimensional regime map and new formulations in terms of the droplet Weber number, the wire Bond number and the size ratio of the wire diameter to incoming droplet diameter have been established to identify the regime for each mode of outcome and to predict the size of the dripping drops within the experimental limits.     

Some aspects on the sampling efficiency of microbial impaction air samplers

Indoor microbial monitoring is an important health issue in many sectors of society. In particular, it is important to monitor microbial concentrations in environments dealing with bio-susceptible products. Many human diseases are related to high, undesired microbial airborne concentrations. However, the lack of a standardized and well-accepted methodology for testing and ranking the performance of microbial air samplers is a source of uncertainty in such measurements. Several works clearly show that results obtained from microbial air sampling depend largely on measuring techniques, especially the air samplers’ physical parameters, such as d₅₀, as well as environmental conditions, sources, and concentrations of microbial organisms in the environment. Furthermore, personnel using cleanroom clothing can reduce the microbial burden within a clean environment. To evaluate this effect, we carried out experimental comparison tests in a cleanroom of class ISO 5 with different air samplers under various microbial concentration levels, generated by a human source dressed in different quality cleanroom clothing. Our results confirm that in addition to the measuring technique, cleanroom clothing does influence microbial contamination, affecting air sampler measurements.