剑桥中学证书国际物理实验考试介绍

介绍了剑桥大学地方考试联合会制定的普通水平学校证书国际考虑大纲对高中学生物理实验技能的要求。分析了剑桥国际物理实验考试和实验试题的特点。     

Broader Societal Issues of Nanotechnology

Nanoscale science and engineering are providing unprecedented understanding and control over the basic building blocks of matter, leading to increased coherence in knowledge, technology, and education. The main reason for developing nanotechnology is to advance broad societal goals such as improved comprehension of nature, increased productivity, better healthcare, and extending the limits of sustainable development and of human potential. This paper outlines societal implication activities in nanotechnology R&D programs. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative annual investment in research with educational and societal implications is estimated at about $30 million (of which National Science Foundation (NSF) awards about $23 million including contributions to student fellowships), and in nanoscale research with relevance to environment at about $50 million (of which NSF awards about $30 million and EPA about $6 million). An appeal is made to researchers and funding organizations worldwide to take timely and responsible advantage of the new technology for economic and sustainable development, to initiate societal implications studies from the beginning of the nanotechnology programs, and to communicate effectively the goals and potential risks with research users and the public.     

Summary of ISO/TC 201 Standard XI. ISO 17974:2002—Surface chemical analysis—High‐resolution Auger electron spectrometers—Calibration of energy scales for elemental and chemical‐state analysis

This International Standard specifies a method for calibrating the kinetic energy scales of Auger electron spectrometers for elemental and chemical‐state analysis at surfaces. It is only applicable to instruments that incorporate an ion gun for sputter cleaning. This International Standard further specifies a method to establish a calibration schedule, to test for the kinetic energy scale linearity at one intermediate energy, to confirm the uncertainty of the scale calibration at one low and one high kinetic energy value, to correct for small drifts of that scale and to define the expanded uncertainty of the calibration of the kinetic energy scale for a confidence level of 95%. This uncertainty includes contributions for behaviours observed in interlaboratory studies but does not cover all of the defects that could occur. This International Standard is not applicable to instruments with kinetic energy scale errors that are significantly non‐linear with energy, to instruments operated at relative resolutions poorer than 0.2% in the constant ΔE/E mode or poorer than 1.5 eV in the constant ΔE mode, to instruments requiring tolerance limits of ±0.05 eV or less or to instruments equipped with an electron gun that cannot be operated in the energy range 5–10 keV. This standard does not provide a full calibration check, which would confirm the energy measured at each addressable point on the energy scale and should be performed according to the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Crown Copyright © 2003. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of SiO2-P2O5-ZrO2 Sol-Gel/NAFION™ Composite Membranes

Composite membranes were prepared by (a) infiltrating NAFION with SiO₂-P₂O₅-ZrO₂ sol, and (b) recasting a film using NAFION solution containing SiO₂-P₂O₅-ZrO₂ sol. The membranes were characterized by Differential Thermal Analysis and ac-impedance spectroscopy as a function of relative humidity. The influences of the heat treatment (80°C–150°C) and cleaning on the electrical properties were investigated. The incorporation of SiO₂-P₂O₅-ZrO₂ gels into NAFION lead to improvements in its thermal stability and proton conductivity.     

Optimization of spiroimidazolidinone derivatives synthesis on solid phase using SynPhase™ Lanterns

We report the synthesis of 1,4,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-2-one derivatives from N-benzyl-4-piperidone and N-protected amino acid amides on solid support. We have translated the chemistry from solution to solid phase using a backbone amide linker (BAL) mimic. Using a parallel combinatorial approach, we performed the optimization of the synthesis on SynPhase™ Lanterns.     

高中有机化学教材“烃类化合物”的国际比较研究

基于闫春更等建立的二维度四指标教材难度微观评价模型，重点对中国、美国、新加坡、澳大利亚、日本、英国的高中化学教材中"烃类化合物"内容的整合广度、表征深度进行测评和比较。研究发现6国教材内容的整合广度整体上差异不大，但其表征深度差异明显；美国教材注重学生认识物质的思路和方法的渗透，日本教材注重基本知识与技能的掌握，中国教材将概念诠释与样例分析相融合；英国、新加坡、美国教材注重情境推理或比较等信息处理策略的运用，对学习者学习的引导性较强。     

基于CARR模型的交易量与股价波动性动态关系的研究

股市交易量与股价变化的关系就一直是学术界与实务界所共同关心的主题。基于Chou(2005)提出的CARR模型对两者的动态关系问题进行了研究。首先分析了作为量价关系理论基础的混合分布假说理论在CARR模型中的适川性,进而基于混合分布假说理论对我国上证综合指数、深证成份指数以及随机抽取的十只个股进行了量价关系的实证检验。研究发现:混合分布假说理论同样适用于CARR模型,这证实了股价波动性的CARR效应的存在。实证的结果也证实了CARR模型无论是对于股票指数还是单只股票交易量都具有了良好的解释作用。因此,CARR模型与GARCH模型相比,在交易量与股价波动关系动态关系的研究领域可以得到更为稳健的结果。     

我国中药出口贸易发展现状分析及对策研究

对中药出口贸易的发展现状进行了分析,从机遇与挑战方面阐述了其发展趋势,对中药实现现代化,推动国际化,知识产权保护以及如何消除贸易壁垒等方面提出了对策及建议。由于国家政府各项政策的倾斜,将进一步加快我国中药产业的发展,从现代化走向国际化。     

理解全球化：基于“经济−社会−政治”体系共生演化视角的分析

20世纪80年代以来,一波超级全球化席卷全球。当今世界进入了百年未有之大变局,全球化陷入困境。应当如何理解当前的全球化困境？百年未有之大变局究竟变在何处？为此,可以从经济学、政治学、社会学与国际关系的综合视角,构建“经济−社会−政治”为一体的、动态演化的框架,以理解当今世界全球化的深层次矛盾。近一波全球化过程中全球经济力量与收入分配格局发生了变化,出现了发达经济体的经济停滞和新兴经济体的赶超,也导致了社会各阶层和不同社会群体的收入和财富差距发生巨变。全球化中全球经济基础的变化,即全球化中的全球经济力量格局变迁与收入分配恶化将对各国的经济和社会基础产生重大影响,进而影响上层建筑：国家的主导思想和意识形态。一个国家在国际关系和经济政策领域主导思想的演变,势必影响其对外战略和政策选择,进而影响本国的经济走向乃至全球化的历史进程。     

The impact of environmental regulations on forest product trade in China

Forest product trade plays an important role in the development of the Chinese forest industry. The trading value of forest product has shown a yearly growth rate of 12% during the last five recent years. Stringent environmental regulations in China have a profound impact on raw material supplies and industrial production in the forest sector; however, their impact on the forest product trade is still unclear. This study applies fixed and random effects models as well as a seemingly unrelated regression model to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on the trade of forest product from 2002 to 2015. The results indicate that the stringent environmental regulations promoted the import but restricted the export of forest product in general. Specifically, the stringent environmental regulations stimulated the import but had an ambiguous impact on the export of the paper product. The stringent environmental regulations had also stimulated the import of wood product but inhibited the export. In contrast, wooden furniture had been affected minimally; only export got slightly negatively affected by environmental regulations. Recommendations for resource managers:

• Trade‐offs between economic growth and environmental regulations are needed to smoothly promote the forest product trade in China.
• Paper and wooden furniture product sectors are less likely to be affected by stringent environmental regulations, because high value‐added products could compensate for environmental costs.
• The wood product sector is more likely to be negatively affected by stringent environmental regulations because environmental costs could severely impact the competitiveness of low value‐added products.