In situ neutron powder diffraction investigation of the hydration of tricalcium aluminate in the presence of gypsum

The hydration of a 1:3 molar ratio of tricalcium aluminate, Ca₃Al₂O₆, to gypsum, CaSO₄·2D₂O, was investigated at temperatures of 25, 50, and 80 °C using time-of-flight powder neutron diffraction combined with multiphase Rietveld structural refinement. It was shown that ettringite, Ca₆[Al(OD)₆]₂(SO₄)₃·∼26D₂O, was the first and only hydration product of the system, in contrast to a prior investigation which suggested the occurrence of a precursor phase prior to the formation of ettringite. Kinetics data showed that the hydration reaction is very sensitive to temperature: hydration at 25 °C was characterized by a single kinetic regime while hydration at higher temperatures consisted of two distinct kinetic regimes. The presence of two kinetic regimes was attributed to a change in either the dimensionality of the growth process or a change in the rate controlling mechanism in the hydration reaction.     

Recent advances of ultrasonic testing of cement based materials at early ages

To summarize some of the most important findings in the field of ultrasonic (US) testing of early age hydration and formation of structure of different cement based materials (CBMs), a review of literature with focus on US P-wave transmission and S-wave reflection methods is presented in this paper. The review shows a great ability of both US techniques to observe setting phenomena and to determine different milestones during the early age formation of CBM’s microstructure. Clear physical basis, high accuracy, and non-destructive nature of the method indicate that US methods could become standardized in the near future.     

湿度对水泥生料近红外光谱检测的影响及补偿方法

近红外光谱检测已被应用于水泥生料成分的快速检测,但现场环境中的湿度等因素会对光谱产生干扰,从而降低检测精度。为了提高检测精度,在实验分析湿度对水泥生料近红外光谱检测影响的基础上研究了补偿方法。在水泥厂选取了24份水泥生料样本,其中18份作为校正集,6份作为验证集;水泥生料中的有效成分为SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3和CaCO3,各成分含量的标准值由X射线荧光光谱分析测出。首先,将校正集的18份样本每份重复装样测5次光谱,用得到的90个光谱建立模型Ⅰ;再每份样品制作5个湿度梯度样本,其获得过程为,先将样本放置在电加热平台上,用玻璃棒将样本摊平,180℃下加热30 min,再将样本放置在散热片上进行降温,待样品恢复室温后取出进行第一次光谱扫描,得到1个光谱,将测量后的样本放入搅拌器,使用装有去离子水的喷雾器对其喷雾两次,然后搅拌30 s混合均匀,测量混合后的样本得到下一个光谱,重复该过程,得到具有湿度梯度的5个光谱。所有样本均采用烘干法进行湿度测量,样本湿度变化区间在0.6%~2%以内。对每个湿度梯度的样本测量1次,用得到的这90个光谱建立模型Ⅱ。然后,将验证集的6份样本每份制作5个湿度梯度,获取方式与校正集相同,对每个湿度梯度的样本测量1次,得到30个光谱。所有光谱均采用多元散射校正预处理,拟合波段选择4000~5000 cm^-1,建模方法采用偏最小二乘法。比较同一份样本的5个湿度梯度,可以看到在5200 cm^-1处光谱差异最大,在其他位置也有肉眼可见的明显差异,因此,湿度变化对全波段光谱有明显的影响。最后,将这30个光谱输入模型Ⅰ与模型Ⅱ进行验证,并对比模型Ⅰ与模型Ⅱ的预测均方根误差RMSEP。模型Ⅱ中SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3和CaCO3的预测均方根误差RMSEP比模型Ⅰ分别减小了25%,31.3%,33.3%和25%。实验结果表明,水泥生料样本湿度对近红外光谱模型的预测结果具有一定的影响,采用具有湿度梯度的样本进行建模可有效降低湿度对预测结果的影响。     

泄漏Lamb波在固井质量评价中的应用

轻质水泥在油气田固井中的广泛应用使得传统声阻抗测井方式难以准确地对固井水泥胶结质量作出评价。本文基于弯曲型Lamb波传播特征对层状介质胶结质量较为敏感的特点,首先对套管井建立合适的层状介质模型,计算了层状介质的平面波反射系数,从反射系数的角度探讨了在套管井内激发弯曲型Lamb波的条件。然后依据该条件并结合声波角谱理论计算了稳态有限宽脉冲束入射时在套管井内产生的弯曲型Lamb波泄漏波的时间波列信号。通过对泄漏波波列信号的分析,得到了弯曲型Lamb波与套管井水泥胶结质量间的关系。研究表明,入射声波在满足一定条件下可以在套管内激发弯曲型Lamb波,其传播时的衰减率与套管水泥胶结质量以及水泥的声学参数均相关,当水泥为轻质水泥或者普通水泥时,其衰减率随着套管水泥间水层厚度的增加而减小,当水泥为快水泥时,其衰减率随着水层厚度的减小而增加,但当水层厚度减为零即套管水泥胶结良好情况下,其衰减率转而变小。     

Radioactive analysis and radiological hazards in different types of Egyptian cement

Studies of the natural γ-emitting radionuclides in different types of cements manufactured by different companies in Egypt (e.g. Iron (HI), Karnak (HK), and Super fine (HSu) products from Helwan Ltd.) have been done to determine their natural levels of radioactivity using a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). Knowledge of radioactivity present in cement materials enables one to assess any possible radiological risks to human health. The results show that the highest mean values of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th activity are 234.01±20.12 and 46.56±4.65 Bq kg^?1, respectively, measured in cement sample ‘Iron’ from Helwan company (HI). The corresponding value of ⁴⁰K is 333.53±26.68 Bq kg^?1 measured in cement sample ‘Karnak’ from Helwan company (HK). For ¹³⁷Cs, this value is 3.27±0.31 Bq kg^?1 measured in cement sample (HI). The average concentrations of measured radionuclides in the different cement samples are 72.21±6.39, 24.98±2.24, 134.49±10.45, and 0.58±0.08 Bq kg^?1 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs, respectively. The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with the reported data of other countries. Radium equivalent (Ra_eq) activities and different hazard indices were calculated to assess the radiation hazard. Iron HI cement sample shows a higher Ra_eq activity of 311.91±31.10 Bq kg^?1. Calculations of absorbed doses in nGy h^?1 show that the Iron (HI), Karnak (HK), and Super fine (HSu) products from Helwan company have higher activities than the permissible level (80 nGy h^?1). On the basis of the external hazard index (H _ex), Ra_eq activities, and annual effective dose rates for organs (H _organ), the natural radioactivity of cement samples is not greater than the recommended values in the established standards and hence safe for use in building constructions and therefore for inhabitants.     

水泥生料品质激光在线检测设备研制

水泥质量的优劣直接影响到建筑工程的安全,使用品质合格的水泥材料是保证工程结构质量的必要前提,因此快速检测水泥生料成份对于及时指导调整原料配比和保障水泥产品品质具有重要意义。传统的生料检测需要经过取样、制样、化验等环节,检测结果严重滞后于生产。我们通过产学研协同攻关,研制了一套基于激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS)技术的水泥生料品质在线检测设备,该设备由LIBS光学检测系统和气动取送样系统两部分组成,实现了对水泥生产线上水泥生料品质的实时连续测量,避免了传统的取制样环节,从而大大缩短了化验时间,所测水泥生料成分的实时数据能够及时指导调整水泥原料的配比,保证水泥质量的合格。我们利用该LIBS水泥品质在线检测设备对水泥生产线上生料中的主成分Al₂O₃,CaO,Fe₂O₃,MgO和SiO₂进行了定量分析,利用全谱归一化和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)对水泥生料建立定标模型,对水泥生料中Al₂O₃,CaO,Fe₂O₃,MgO和SiO₂测量的最大误差分别是0.34%,0.35%,0.07%,0.14%和0.55%。现场实验结果表明,本水泥生料品质激光在线检测设备的测量结果与传统化验法的结果相吻合,测量精度与X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)相接近,从而证实了LIBS可以作为水泥在线检测的一种有前景的方法。     

综合性化学实验的线上线下混合式教学——以水泥分析为例

水泥熟料分析是一个经典的综合性实验,涉及重量分析和配位滴定分析的很多原理及操作。为了有效开展实验教学、缩短课堂讲解时间、客观评价学生实验数据及结果,我们开展了线上线下混合式教学,引导学生课前自主学习,训练学生综合和创新实验技能。这一改革提高了实验教学质量,取得了较好的教学效果。     

EB/UV treatment of protective coatings for porous materials

A method for improving surface properties of porous inorganic materials is presented. The method is particularly tailored to cement-based materials in order to obtain properties suitable for mechanical applications such as dies manufacturing, where hardness, abrasion resistance and low friction are requested. The coating system is based upon using two coatings of different characteristics. The underlying base coating layer is infiltrated in air on three different formulations of hardened cement composite. Two different bi-component resins, one relatively soft and the other relatively hard, were tested as underlying surface coating. The outer surface coating, based upon a bi-component resin characterized by high hardness, is added after hardening and curing of the first layer. Both coatings were chemically hardened and then cured with EB. UV curing is also suitable for the outer surface coating. An experimental campaign was carried out in order to evaluate the influence of radiation processing as curing treatment with reference to particular investigated materials. Hardness and resistance to peeling of coating systems have been measured and are presented.     

建筑用梳形共聚物分散剂溶液行为的光散射研究

采用激光光散射研究了一种主链为聚丙烯酸侧链为聚乙二醇的梳形共聚物分散剂的一些溶液行为.从静态光散射得出了较为合理的表观重均分子量、均方旋转半径等参数.动态光散射给出了流体力学半径分布及其角度和浓度依赖性.结合静态和动态光散射,上述梳形共聚物分散剂在溶液中的构象也得到初步的表征.通过与描述梳形聚合物的Gay-Raphae模型进行比较表明,这类梳形共聚物溶液在低盐离子和低pH值条件下存在聚集行为,形成以PAA主链为核PEG为壳层的类胶束聚集.     

A 43Ca and 13C NMR study of the chemical interaction between poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) and white cement during hydration

⁴³Ca and ¹³C NMR methods were used to study the chemical interaction of poly(ethylene–vinyl acetate) (PEVAc) admixture in commercial-grade white cement. From ⁴³Ca NMR it is shown both that PEVAc induces modest changes in the hydrated cement structure, and that hydrated commercial cement is significantly more complex than models that have been used for its structure in past work. The ¹³C NMR results show that the PEVAc hydrolysis occurs early in the cement hydration acceleration period, with a rate well-fit by an exponential decay using a time constant of 6±1 days.