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1.
A supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method was developed in the present study as an effective sample pretreatment technique of petroleum distillates from fire debris. Three petroleum distillates were used as target analytes, including 95 unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and premium diesel. An orthogonal array (L16) experimental design was adopted to separately evaluate primary SFE experimental factors. The SFE efficiencies of petroleum distillates at various extraction conditions were examined and the optimized SFE conditions were identified. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimized SFE method not only provided an effective extraction method for the spiked sample, but also successfully recovered residues of petroleum distillates from fire debris. 相似文献
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考虑爆炸成型弹丸(explosively-formed projectile,EFP)变截面的特性,基于流体力学Bernoulli方程和绝热剪切理论,改进了EFP垂直侵彻装甲钢板靶后破片质量模型,结合已有的试验数据和数值仿真方法检验了改进后模型的准确性。在此基础上,分析了靶板厚度和EFP着靶速度对靶板和EFP产生的靶后破片质量的影响规律。结果表明:相比于改进前的模型,改进后的模型能够更准确地解释靶板和EFP产生的靶后破片质量随靶板厚度和EFP着靶速度的变化规律;当EFP着靶速度为1 650 m/s时,随着靶板厚度从30 mm增大到70 mm,EFP变截面的特性对靶板和EFP产生靶后破片质量的影响不断增强;当靶板厚度为40 mm时,随着EFP着靶速度从1 650 m/s升高到1 860 m/s,EFP变截面的特性对靶板和EFP产生靶后破片质量的影响不断减弱。 相似文献
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随着人类航天活动日益频繁,由微流星体和空间微小碎片超高速撞击航天器表面反溅生成的溅射物,对空间碎片环境的影响将越来越大。利用2017-T4铝合金球弹丸超高速正撞击5A06铝合金靶板进行了地面模拟实验与数值仿真计算,研究了反溅碎片特性参数,其中包括溅射物的平均速度、平均尺寸、平均溅射角,为空间碎片溅射物模型的建立奠定基础。采用多元回归方法,确定了溅射物平均速度与弹丸速度、弹丸尺寸之间的函数关系。研究表明,利用光滑粒子法(SPH)进行数值仿真计算,可以有效模拟溅射物平均尺寸、平均速度、平均溅射角;溅射物平均速度随弹丸速度、弹丸尺寸的增加而增加;溅射物基本呈圆锥形反溅,溅射物平均溅射角在41°左右,基本不受弹丸速度、弹丸尺寸的影响。 相似文献
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RESEARCH ON METHOD TO CALCULATE VELOCITIES OF SOLID PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE IN DEBRIS FLOW 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham's rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold's testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation. 相似文献
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铸铁材料在边界润滑条件下形成薄片状磨屑的塑性流动机制 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
本文在铸铁材料油润滑线接触滑动磨损状态研究的基础上,对边界润滑区典型的薄片状磨屑之形成过程进行了考察。通过对磨损表面的几何形貌、磨屑的形态和内部显微组织变化的分析,提出了薄片状磨屑的塑性流动形成机制。作者认为,薄片状磨屑的形成是磨损表面材料在局部应力和摩擦热的作用下以3种方式发生塑性流动的结果:当摩擦方向垂直于磨削加工条纹时为单侧塑性流动;当摩擦方向平行于磨削加工条纹时为双侧塑性流动;而在峰顶平台(磨削加工粗糙条纹磨合后形成的微平台)较大且载荷较高时,则为平台上的材料沿着摩擦方向向前挤压流动。 相似文献
8.
泥石流风险及沟谷泥石流风险度评价 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
风险一词虽然已经广泛被科学家和经济学家所使用 ,但涉及到自然灾害的风险研究则还是 2 0世纪 80年代中后期的事。国内有关泥石流风险的探讨 ,更是 2 0世纪 90年代才初见端倪。国际上 ,泥石流风险评价至今仍然是前沿探索性领域和新兴的研究课题。基于联合国对自然灾害风险的定义及其定量表达 ,本文给出了泥石流“风险度 =危险度×易损度”这一数学命题的近似解。讨论了风险分级和不同风险等级的分布概率以及风险指南。以云南东川因民矿区黑山沟泥石流为例 ,对单沟泥石流风险度评价模型进行了示范应用 相似文献
9.
Study of acidified ignitable liquid residues in fire debris by solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
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Carlos Martín‐Alberca Carmen García‐Ruiz Olivier Delmont 《Journal of separation science》2015,38(18):3218-3227
The detection and identification of ignitable liquid residues in fire debris can be meaningful in fire investigations. However, background pyrolysis products and weathering hinder the identification and classification steps. In addition to those processes, the acidification of the ignitable liquids before the combustion process could make those tasks even more difficult. Nevertheless, there are no systematic studies assessing the extraction, analysis, and composition of acidified ignitable liquid residues obtained from fire debris. In this work, a method for the study of acidified ignitable liquid residues in fire debris by solid‐phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is proposed. This methodology has been evaluated, first with simulated solutions (gasoline/sulfuric acid mixtures set on fire under controlled conditions), and then with analysis of samples from real fire debris obtained from 18 chemical ignition Molotov cocktails made with sulfuric acid and three different ignitable liquids (two types of gasoline and diesel fuel). In addition, the extensive modifications observed in chromatograms of acidified ignitable liquid residues regarding neat and weathered samples were studied. These alterations were produced by the combustion and acidification processes. As a consequence, tert‐butylated compounds are proposed as diagnostic indicators for the identification of acidified gasoline in fire debris, even in strongly weathered samples. 相似文献
10.
等离子喷涂碳化铬-镍铬涂层的摩擦学特性 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
在发展新型高效节能的汽车和飞机发动机用耐磨材料中,碳化铬-镍铬涂层是很有开发前景的材料之一.为了扩大这种涂层的应用领域并为其应用提供科学依据,用MM-200磨损试验机,研究了等离子喷涂碳化铬-镍铬(质量比为3∶1)涂层分别与不锈钢、热压烧结Si3N4和石墨组成摩擦副的摩擦学特性;用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能量色散谱仪和X射线衍射技术,考察了磨痕和磨屑的形貌、元素分布和物相组成;讨论了涂层分别与给定的3种材料配副时的磨损机理.结果表明:涂层与不同材料对摩时的磨损量差别很大,磨损机理也明显不同——涂层与不锈钢对摩时的磨损表现为层状颗粒的断裂与剥离;涂层与Si3N4对摩时的磨损主要表现为涂层颗粒的断裂和断裂颗粒的脱碳氧化;石墨对涂层具有润滑作用 相似文献