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In this paper we describe the experimental analysis of a novel ion-exchange polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuator under
large external voltage. The experimental analysis is supplemented with a coupled thermodynamic model, which includes mass
transport across the thickness of the polymer actuator, chemical reactions at boundaries, and deformation as a function of
the solvent (water) distribution. In this paper, the case of large electrode potentials (over 1.2 V) has been analyzed experimentally
and theoretically. At these voltage levels, electrochemical reactions take place at both electrodes. These are used in the
framework of overpotential theory to develop boundary conditions for the water transport in the bulk of polymer. The model
is then simplified to a three-component system comprised of a fixed negatively charged polymeric matrix, protons, and free
water molecules within the polymer matrix. Among these species, water molecules are considered to be the dominant species
responsible for the deformation of the IPMC actuators. Experiments conducted at different initial water contents are described
and discussed in the context of the proposed deformation mechanism. Comparison of numerical simulations with experimental
data shows good agreement. 相似文献
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锂硫电池中较差的循环稳定性和倍率性能是实现锂硫电池商业化的技术障碍,其主要原因之一是多硫化物在硫电极内的电化学转化动力学较为缓慢。为此,我们以ZIF-9为前驱体,采用先碳化,再酸化刻蚀,最后硒化的方法合成了含少量催化剂的CoSe修饰氮掺杂多孔碳(CoSe/NC)电极材料,以期提高硫电极内多硫化物的电化学转化动力学性能,并通过流动液相三电极体系对该材料进行电化学动力学表征。结果显示,相较于对比材料,CoSe/NC能够加快多硫化物的氧化还原反应速率,在 0.2mA·cm-2电流密度下,多硫化物氧化还原反应在CoSe/NC电极上有最小的反应过电位;同时,在0.1 V过电位下,各氧化还原反应也有最大的响应电流。因此,将 CoSe/NC作为硫宿主材料组装电池展现了优异的电化学性能:在 1C(1C=1 675 mA·g-1)下初始放电比容量为1 068 mAh·g-1,经过500次循环后,可逆容量仍保持在693 mAh·g-1。另外,在3C的高电流密度下,放电比容量可高达819 mAh·g-1。 相似文献
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锂硫电池中较差的循环稳定性和倍率性能是实现锂硫电池商业化的技术障碍,其主要原因之一是多硫化物在硫电极内的电化学转化速率较为缓慢。为此,我们以ZIF-9为前驱体,采用先碳化,再酸化刻蚀,最后硒化的方法合成了含少量催化剂的CoSe修饰氮掺杂多孔碳(CoSe/NC)电极材料,以期提高硫电极内多硫化物的电化学转化动力学性能,并通过流动液相三电极体系对该材料进行电化学动力学表征。结果显示,相较于对比材料,CoSe/NC能够加快多硫化物的氧化还原反应速率,在0.2mA·cm-2电流密度下,多硫化物氧化还原反应在CoSe/NC电极上有最小的反应过电位;同时,在0.1 V过电位下,各氧化还原反应也有最大的响应电流。因此,将CoSe/NC作为硫宿主材料组装电池展现了优异的电化学性能:在1C(1C=1 675 mA·g-1)下初始放电比容量为1 068 mAh·g-1,经过500次循环后,可逆容量仍保持在693 mAh·g-1。另外,在3C的高电流密度下,放电比容量可高达819 mAh·g-1。 相似文献
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Alexander M. Kuznetsov Jens Ulstrup 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》1999,35(1-2):45-54
Expressions are derived for the tunnel electric current between two metals produced by the adiabatic transitions of the electrons through a bridge electron level. A new possible physical phenomenon is discussed, viz. electronically driven oscillations of the electron bridge level between two molecular wires. 相似文献
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Reversal current observed in micro-and submicro-channel flow under non-continuous DC electric field
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In practical applications of biochips and bio-sensors, electrokinetic mechanisms are commonly employed to manipulate and analyze the characteristics of single bio-molecules. To accurately and flexibly control the movement of single molecule within micro-/submicro-fluidic channels, the characteristics of current signals at the initial stage of the flow are systematically studied based on a three-electrode system. The current response of micro-/submicro-fluidic channels filled with different electrolyte solutions in non-continuous external electric field are investigated. It is found, there always exists a current reversal phenomenon, which is an inherent property of the current signals in micro/submicro-fluidics Each solution has an individual critical voltage under which the steady current value is equal to zero The interaction between the steady current and external applied voltage follows an exponential function. All these results can be attributed to the overpotentials of the electric double layer on the electrodes. These results are helpful for the design and fabrication of functional micro/nano-scale fluidic sensors and biochips. 相似文献
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4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophen‐4‐one (CPDTO) homopolymer with side chains on every other CPDTO
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Jianyuan Sun Swaminathan Venkatesan Ashish Dubey Qiquan Qiao Cheng Zhang 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2017,55(6):1077-1085
A soluble 4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b ;3,4‐b ′]dithiophene‐4‐one (CPDTO)‐based polymer (C6‐PCPDTO) has been synthesized from two monomers derived from nonalkylated CPDTO and didodecyl CPDTO (C12‐CPDTO). Proton NMR, thermal analysis, UV–vis absorption, cyclic voltammetry, and XRD are used to characterize the polymer in solution and film. The new polymer has an optical bandgap of 1.28 eV in film, and has strong interchain interaction in chloroform solutions. The polymer contains a significant amount of homocoupled segments. The regular segments and homocoupled CPDTO segments render the polymer highly aggregating in solution. The non‐planar homocoupled C12‐CPDTO segments prevent the polymer from forming regular π‐stacks, resulting in a low SCLC hole mobility (3.88 × 10?7 cm2V?1s?1). CV experiments show that C6‐PCPDTO is stable in its oxidized and reduced states. Solar cell devices were fabricated from C6‐PCPDTO2 :PC60BM blends of different weight ratios. High PC60BM loading (80% or greater) was required for the devices to show measurable efficiency, indicating that the limited π‐stacking of the polymer is not sufficient to cause effective phase separation. Further development of synthetic method is still needed to eliminate structural defects so that long‐range ordered pi‐stacking can be realized in the polymer for these applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55 , 1077–1085 相似文献
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The electrodes for the experiments were prepared by electrodepositing Pt on a carbon substrate. In the cyclic voltammograms of the carbon electrodes with and without Pt nano electrodeposits, the total anodic current including the currents from the oxygen evolution reaction and carbon corrosion increased abruptly above a critical potential. The oxidation overpotential of the carbon electrodes with Pt nano electrodeposits was lower than that of the bare carbon electrode. This phenomenon was more prominent at 75 °C than at 25 °C. In the potentiostatic experiments, the current transients and corresponding power spectral density (PSD) increased with increasing applied potential to the electrodes. Furthermore, the current transients for the carbon electrodes with Pt nano electrodeposits were much higher than those for the bare carbon electrode. This suggests that the corrosion of the carbon substrate can be accelerated by the Pt nano electrodeposits. 相似文献