快速热点火熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验研究

以熔铸型含铝混合炸药熔奥梯铝为对象,研究铸装含铝混合炸药快速热点火后的燃烧转爆轰特性。建立了快速热点火燃烧转爆轰实验平台,由实验装置(加热装置、约束钢管、炸药)、压力测试系统、光纤测速系统组成;加热装置加热15 mm厚45钢钢板,峰值温度大于1 100℃,温升速率为85～95℃/s。开展了快速热点火带壳熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验,由加热装置加热约束钢管内熔奥梯铝炸药,炸药化学反应阵面压力和传播速度分别由压电性高压压力传感器和光纤探针测定;实测阵面压力约1 GPa,传播速度最大约2 600 m/s。由光纤数据获得炸药化学反应阵面传播轨迹,通过特征线方法获得冲击形成点,半定量给出冲击形成距离大于850 mm;并比较了管体破片质量实测值与炸药完全爆轰时破片平均质量计算值,实测值远小于计算值。综合实测化学反应阵面传播速度和压力、冲击形成距离分析、破片质量比较,可确定熔奥梯铝炸药没有发生完全爆轰,其化学反应状态为爆燃。另外,采用Adams和Pack模型、CJ燃烧模型,都能够半定量的预估冲击形成距离和燃烧波后压力,为实验设计提供依据,但CJ燃烧模型的计算结果更接近于实测值。     

HMX/TATB复合材料弹性性能的MD模拟

用分子动力学(MD)方法COMPASS力场, 分别在正则系综(NVT)和等温等压系综(NPT)下, 模拟计算了著名常用高能炸药HMX(环四甲撑四硝胺)与著名钝感炸药TATB (1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6三硝基苯)所构成的混合体系在室温时的弹性性能和结合能. 结果表明, 在NVT和NPT两种系综下模拟所得结果呈平行一致的趋势; 与纯HMX相比, HMX/TATB复合材料的拉伸模量、体模量和剪切模量均有所下降; 在NVT系综下, 还完成了HMX/TATB混合体系的不同温度的MD模拟. 发现当温度在245～345 K范围时, 体系的刚性和弹性变化很小; 但当温度达到395 K时, 材料的刚性减弱, 柔性增强.     

斜波压缩下HMX晶体的弹塑性行为

开展了（010）、（011）晶向HMX晶体的斜波压缩实验,获得了约15 GPa压力下的速度响应剖面。实验结果表明,HMX单晶存在明显弹塑性转变行为,且速度波形有下降趋势,这是材料的黏性效应导致,材料的弹性极限随着样品厚度增加而变化,不同晶向的材料动力学特性存在差异。结合Hobenemser-Prager黏弹塑性本构关系和三阶Birch-Murnaghan物态方程开展了HMX晶体斜波压缩物理过程的数值模拟,计算结果可以很好地描述HMX晶体的弹塑性转变这一物理过程。     

Structure and detonation performance of a novel HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal explosive

Intermolecular interactions and properties of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐ tetrazocine (HMX) / 2,6‐diamino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazine‐1‐oxide (LLM‐105) cocrystal were studied by using the dispersion‐corrected density functionals (ωB97XD, B97D) and meta‐hybrid functional (M062x) methods. Binding energies, heats of formation, thermodynamic properties, atoms in molecules, and natural bond orbital analysis were performed to investigate HMX/LLM‐105 complexes. Results show that the main intermolecular interactions between HMX and LLM‐105 are CH…O, NH…O, N…O, and O…O interactions. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation was employed to predict the crystal structure of HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal. The HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal is most likely to crystallize in C2/c space group, and its corresponding cell parameters are Z = 8, a = 41.63 Å, b = 6.77 Å, c = 45.63 Å, ß = 164.55°, and ρ = 1.99 g/cm³. Detonation velocity and pressure of HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal are 8.95 km/s, 37.69GPa, a little lower than those of HMX (9.10 km/s, 37.76GPa). However, according to the net charges of nitro group, HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal exhibits less sensitive than HMX. Finally, bond dissociation energy calculation shows that HMX/LLM‐105 complexes are thermally stable. Considering thermal stability, sensitivity, and detonation performance, HMX/LLM‐105 cocrystal meets the requirements of insensitive high energy density materials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用电磁法研究HMX与TATB混合钝感炸药的冲击起爆特性

为研究含有少量奥克托金(HMX)且以三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)为基的高能钝感炸药PBX-3的冲击起爆反应增长规律,采用火炮驱动蓝宝石飞片的方法和铝基组合式电磁粒子速度计技术进行了一维平面冲击实验。通过实验测量撞击表面及内部不同深度处的冲击波后粒子速度,得到PBX-3炸药的Hugoniot关系。根据冲击波示踪器所测数据绘制了炸药到爆轰的时间-距离(x-t)图,获得了反映炸药冲击起爆性能的Pop关系。将入射压力为12.964 GPa时达到爆轰的6条速度曲线修整成相同零点,通过读取6条曲线的分离点即反应区末端的C-J点,计算出化学反应区时间和宽度。     

Establishing TA-Pb/Cu and SA-Pb/Cu interface catalyst shells on HMX surfaces via in situ coprecipitation to ameliorate the performances of HMX

Lead/copper tannate (TA-Pb/Cu) and lead/copper salicylate (SA-Pb/Cu) interface catalyst shells are established on the surface of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane (HMX) via in situ coprecipitation to prepare HMX@TA-Pb/Cu and HMX@SA-Pb/Cu composites. The structures and properties of the obtained HMX@TA-Pb/Cu and HMX@SA-Pb/Cu composites are characterized in detail. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study the adsorption mechanism of TA-Pb/Cu and SA-Pb/Cu on HMX surface. The residues after HMX@TA-Pb/Cu and HMX@SA-Pb/Cu combusted in air are collected and characterized to study the catalytic effect of TA-Pb/Cu and SA-Pb/Cu on combustion. The study results show that TA-Pb/Cu shells are coated on HMX surface due to the excellent membrane-forming properties of TA, while SA-Pb/Cu shells are embedded in the gullies and holes of HMX surface. TA-Pb/Cu and SA-Pb/Cu shells can decrease the mechanical sensitivities and catalyze the decomposition and combustion of HMX, and the catalytic effects of in situ coprecipitation are better than that of physical mixing. In addition, the phase transition temperature of HMX in HMX@TA-Pb/Cu is increased while that of HMX@SA-Pb/Cu is decreased, illustrating that TA-Pb/Cu can enhance the thermal stability of HMX while SA-Pb/Cu can catalyze the phase transition of HMX.     

Experimental investigations of mechanical and reaction responses for drop-weight impacted energetic particles

Low-velocity drop-weight impact experiments on individual and multiple Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) energetic particles were performed using a modified drop-weight machine equipped with high-speed photogra-phy components. Multiple particles experienced more severe burning reactions than an individual particle. Comparisons between impacted salt and HMX particle show that jetting in HMX is mainly due to the motion of fragmented parti-cles driven by gaseous reaction products. Velocity of jetting, flame propagation, and area expansion were measured via image processing, making it possible to quantify the chemi-cal reaction or mechanical deformation violence at different stages.     

以HMX为基的两种压装高密度炸药的燃烧转爆轰实验研究

 为研究以HMX为基的固体高能炸药的燃烧转爆轰性能,采用同轴电探针和压力传感器测试技术对常用的A、B两种压装高密度高能炸药开展燃烧转爆轰实验,研究装药组分和约束条件对压装高密度炸药燃烧转爆轰性能的影响。实验结果表明：这两种压装高密度炸药难以发生燃烧转爆轰;在强约束条件下（45号钢,内径25.4 mm、外径65 mm、长度600 mm）,A压装炸药（HMX质量分数为95%,密度为1.86 g/cm³）基本实现了燃烧转爆轰,爆轰诱导距离约为545 mm;在相同的实验条件下,A压装炸药比B压装炸药（HMX质量分数为87%,密度为1.84 g/cm³）更易于发生燃烧转爆轰,即A压装炸药的安定性相对较差。     

Decomposition in HTPB bonded HMX followed by heat generation rate and chemiluminescence

The decomposition in HTPB bonded HMX was characterized with two highly sensitive methods: heat flow microcalorimetry (HFMC) and Chemiluminescence (CL). The material is stabilized with a phenolic antioxidant. The heat generation (HFMC) rate was determined from 120 to 150 °C using a TAM™ microcalorimeter and the oxidation of the substance was followed by the CL emission between 100 and 140 °C directly from the solid state sample. The end of antioxidant activity results in both measurements sets in characteristic changes in the curves. Kinetic parameters were calculated applying Arrhenius parameterization for the times to the end of antioxidant activity and by applying modelling with an autocatalytic model extended by a side reaction, which is assigned to the antioxidant consumption. The evaluation with the characteristic times gives good agreement between the two methods; the modelling represents the different but supplementing probing of the two measurement methods. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

RDX/HMX颗粒炸药落锤撞击点火-燃烧机理

对单质炸药受低速撞击的力学和化学响应研究,是进行炸药敏感性评价的基础。利用配备了光学观测的落锤撞击装置,实现了频率为1.5×105 s-1的实时观测,不但可以区分样品的“爆”或“不爆”,而且可以获取RDX和HMX颗粒炸药受落锤低速撞击变形、破碎、溅射、点火和燃烧随时间演化的特征。结果表明:RDX颗粒是在液相中点火,而HMX颗粒在固相中点火; 燃烧反应前常常发生剧烈的溅射现象,溅射是由气相反应产物释放能量推动破碎的颗粒所致。对比了单个和单层颗粒炸药响应的特点,多个颗粒由于热点密集和破碎后相互作用,其燃烧反应比单个颗粒燃烧反应更剧烈。根据图像处理估算燃烧波传播速度,很好地表征了样品宏观燃烧反应的剧烈程度。