浙江中部夏熟作物田主要杂草生态相似性的数量分析

应用七级目测法对浙江中部地区27个夏熟作物田样点的杂草进行了优势等级调查，将所得数据转换成重要值，以杂草在27个样点中的重要值为运算指标，应用主成分分析法和图论聚类中的最小生成树法，对24种杂草的生态学相似性进行了比较，指出了长期使用单一的除草剂导致农田杂草种群迅速更迭的原因：杂草对除草剂的敏感性差异及不同杂草间的生态学特性的差异。     

新疆农田十字花科主要杂草幼苗分类特征研究

农田杂草危害很大而且是多种病虫害的寄生和传统者，针对其在幼苗期易于防治，以及截获后种子无法鉴定时采用幼苗鉴定的方法等特点，本文详细研究了新疆农田16种十字花科主要杂草幼苗的形态特征，编制了分种检索表，并对照实物绘制了幼苗形态图，并进行形态描述。     

作物和杂草叶片的可见-近红外反射光谱特性

为了进行快速实时的杂草识别,研究了作物和杂草叶片的可见-近红外反射光谱特性.选择了两种常见的 田间作物大豆(Glycine max)和玉米(Zea mays),以及铁苋菜(Acalypha australis L.)和田字草(Marsilea quadrifolia L.)两种杂草作为研究对象.每种各30个样本.共120个样本.采用ASD Fieldspec便携式光谱仪进行光谱采集.在对400～1000 nm的光谱数据进行平滑和-阶求导预处理、.通过主成份分析.去除了一个奇异样本.最后用79个样本组成的建模集进行偏最小二乘法建模.对剩余的40个样本进行预测.预测模型结果的相关性达到0.986,识别率达到100%.说明研究中选用的作物和杂草叶片的可见-近红外反射光谱特性之19有较大的区别,町以用于 进行杂草和作物的区分.     

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of the Phytotoxic Activity of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn Pulp Extract and Identification of a Phytotoxic Substance

Interest in finding plant-based herbicides to supplement synthesized herbicides is increasing. Although the extract of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn has been reported to have herbicidal activity, little is known about phytotoxic substances and their efficacy of weed control in the field. To identify phytotoxic substances, the bioassay-guided fractionation by column chromatography and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was carried out. The phytotoxic activity assay, performed by the agar medium method, showed that the 70% ethanol fraction exhibited strong root growth inhibition against Trifolium pratense with an 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 35.13 mg/L. An active compound was isolated from the 70% ethanol fraction and identified as hederagenin 3-o-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (Compound A). Compound A had an IC₅₀ value of 16.64 mg/L. Finally, a new formulation was prepared based on the 70% ethanol fraction, which exhibited good efficacy against broadleaf weeds in a carrot field. The fresh weight control efficacy was 78.7% by 45 days after treatment at the dose of 1500 g a. i./ha. Hence, the extract of S. mukorossi pulp could be a promising supplement to the synthesized herbicides. Furthermore, compound A from S. mukorossi may be responsible for its phytotoxic activity.     

A comparative study on characterizations of biomass derived activated carbons prepared by both normal and inert atmospheric heating conditions

In the present study, cost effective activated carbon from wasteland biomass of Calotropis gigantea stem was prepared at 400 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C and 900 °C carbonization temperatures in normal atmosphere (NA) and at 600 °C, 750 °C in inert atmosphere (IA) of nitrogen by using Potassium Carbonate (K₂CO₃) as chemical activating agent in the impregnation ratios of 0.5, 1 and 2. Activated carbons prepared under NA and IA were characterized and compared. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) study confirmed presence of micropores and mesopores. While Xray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed presence of both disordered amorphous carbon humps and graphitic crystallite peaks. Presences of functional groups were more prominent in NAC; found from Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. BET surface area at 750 °C at chemical impregnation ratio 1 under NA was recorded highest containing both micropores and mesopores. Disordered carbon structure was confirmed from RAMAN spectroscopic analysis and nanoporous structure of activated carbon was confirmed from HRTEM analysis. NA activated carbons processed from wasteland weed can be preferred for different adsorption related applications as they are reasonable with improved properties.     

Deoxy-liquefaction products obtained from Crofton weed at different temperatures

Crofton weed is an invasive alien plant which is causing significant economic and environmental losses in China. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of deoxy-liquefaction reaction to the utilization of Crofton weed. Deoxy-liquefaction experiments of two different sections (leaves and stems) and the whole plant of Crofton weed were performed at six different temperatures (375-500 °C). Oils with low oxygen contents (<8 wt%) and high HHVs (>40 MJ/kg) were obtained. 425 °C was the optimum temperature for obtaining oil from Crofton weed. Besides, solid chars with high HHVs of about 20 MJ/kg were obtained. Gases with HHVs ranging from 1.6 to 5.7 MJ/mol were produced. The overall energy recovery of the system was estimated at about 70%.     

Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by the nonliving biomass of Alligator weed: kinetics and equilibrium

The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions using Alligator weed, a freshwater macrophyte, was investigated in batch studies. Various factors including solution pH, Cr (VI) concentrations, agitation time, and temperature were taken into account and promising results obtained. An initial solution pH of 1.0 was most favorable for Cr (VI) removal. The kinetic data were analyzed using several models, including the pseudo-second-order equation, external diffusion model, and intraparticle diffusion model. The comparison gave insight about the mechanism of adsorption and potential rate controlling step. The results suggested that the Cr (VI) adsorption at all temperatures was best represented by the pseudo-second-order equation. The external film diffusion played an important role in the adsorption mechanism. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherms for the present system were analyzed. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data at different temperatures was given by the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm. The Alligator weed could serve as low-cost adsorbent to remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions.     

新疆十字花科部分杂草种于微形态的研究

本文对新疆的十字花科9属9种杂草种子形状、大小、颜色及内部特征进行了描述，对种子外形、种皮进行电镜扫描，发现种皮微形态特征在种与种之间有明显的差异，并根据种皮微形态特征编制了分种检索表．     

Transformation of Iodosulfuron-Methyl into Ionic Liquids Enables Elimination of Additional Surfactants in Commercial Formulations of Sulfonylureas

Efficient use of herbicides for plant protection requires the application of auxiliary substances such as surfactants, stabilizers, wetting or anti-foaming agents, and absorption enhancers, which can be more problematic for environment than the herbicides themselves. We hypothesized that the combination of sulfonylurea (iodosulfuron-methyl) anion with inexpensive, commercially available quaternary tetraalkylammonium cations could lead to biologically active ionic liquids (ILs) that could become a convenient and environment-friendly alternative to adjuvants. A simple one-step synthesis allowed for synthesizing iodosulfuron-methyl based ILs with high yields ranging from 88 to 96% as confirmed by UV, FTIR, and NMR. The obtained ILs were found to possess several favorable properties compared to the currently used sodium salt iodosulfuron-methyl, such as adjustable hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient) and enhanced stability in aqueous solutions, which was supported by molecular calculations showing cation–anion interaction energies. In addition, soil mobility and volatility of ILs were more beneficial compared to the parental herbicide. Herbicidal activity tests toward oil-seed rape and cornflower revealed that ILs comprising at least one alkyl chain in the decyl to octadecyl range had similar or better efficacy compared to the commercial preparation without addition of any adjuvant. Furthermore, results of antimicrobial activity indicated that they were practically harmless or slightly toxic toward model soil microorganisms such as Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus cereus.     

Invasive weed optimization for model order reduction of linear MIMO systems

In this work, a model order reduction (MOR) technique for a linear multivariable system is proposed using invasive weed optimization (IWO). This technique is applied with the combined advantages of retaining the dominant poles and the error minimization. The state space matrices of the reduced order system are chosen such that the dominant eigenvalues of the full order system are unchanged. The other system parameters are chosen using the invasive weed optimization with objective function to minimize the mean squared errors between the outputs of the full order system and the outputs of the reduced order model when the inputs are unit step. The proposed algorithm has been applied successfully, a 10th order Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output (MIMO) linear model for a practical power system was reduced to a 3rd order and compared with recently published work.