Effect of Association of Bromophenol Blue with Tween Surfactants on Its Acid-Base Equilibria at High pH

The acid base equilibria of the sulfonephthalein dye bromophenol blue (BPB) in aqueous nonionic micellar solutions of Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, and Tween 80 have been investigated spectroscopically using a partition equilibrium method. A visible red shift in the absorbance of the basic form of the dye with increase in surfactant concentration was observed at and above pH 6.98. This has been attributed to the stabilization of the acid form of the dye by the POE groups on the head of the surfactant monomers. Such stabilization effect was found to decreases with decrease in the number of carbon atom in the hydrophobic tail and with the increase in the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of the surfactant molecule. The equilibrium constant of the partition of the dyes between micellar and aqueous pseudophases (K_ass) was found to increase with the surfactants in the order Tween 80 < Tween 60 < Tween 40 < Tween 20. The pK_a2 of the dyes were predicted and found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.     

二维接力-HOHAHA和NOE差谱法测定甙类化合物的结构

该文提出一种新的二维接力-HOHAHA实验方法.研究结果表明,该方法可用于从高度重迭的谱图中分离出各个糖体的¹H NMR信号,并且与NOE差谱实验相结合可以用于测定甙类化合物中糖体间和糖体与甙元间的连接位置.本方法以¹H NMR为基础,故其灵敏度比以¹³C NMR为基础的甙化位移方法高得多.     

流动注射—吐温40化学发光新体系测定贵金属冶金物料中微量铱

本文研究了吐温４０－ＫＯＨ－Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｉｒ化学发光新体系，采用流动注射进样技术，建立了测定铱的新的化学发光分析法，检测限为１．１×１０＾－１３ｇ／Ｌ；线性范围为每ｍＬ１．０×１０＾－９－１．０×１０＾－５ｇ。经离子交换分离Ａｕ和Ｏｓ离子后，测定贵金属冶金物料中微量铱，结果满意。     

Cloud Point Studies of Tween and Glycol in the Presence of Salts

This article deals with the cloud point studies of ethoxylated sorbitan ester, Tween in the presence of glycols, and salts. Cloud point temperature of Tween 20 (5 mol dm^?3) and Tween 80 (1 mol dm^?3) has been determined in the presence of various salts in addition to glycols. The glycols chosen for these studies were triethylene glycol (TEG), and ethylene glycol mono butylether (EGMBE). At concentration below 0.02 M these salts have no significant effect on cloud point temperature in all cases. The cloud point temperature of Tween+TEG and Tween+EGMBE found to decrease in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl). The cloud point temperature of Tween 20 + TEG and Tween 20 + EGMBE found to increase in the presence of urea and nicotinamide. The change in cloud point was found to be more in case of nicotinamide as compare to urea. The influence of an additive on the cloud point depends on how it affects the intermicellar interactions. An effort has been made to understand the interaction between solvent and additives leading to a change in solubility of Tween.     

Effects of Surfactants on Phase Transition of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate)

The effect of surfactants on the phase transition of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) (P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA)) was extensively investigated by a turbidometry. When the concentration of cetyltrimethyl ammoniumchloride (CTAC) increased from 0.01 to 0.32%, the cloud point of PNIPAM increased from 32 to 38.5°C. When the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) increased from 0.01 to 0.08%, the cloud point increased from 32.5 to 38°C. The cloud points with SDS were higher than the values obtained with CTAC. In addition, SDS suppressed the temperature sensitivity much more effectively than CTAC did. The adsorption of the ionic surfactants (CTAC, SDS) on the polymer chains may account for the increase in the cloud point. On the other hand, Tween 20 had little effect on the cloud point and the temperature sensitivity of the homopolymer, possible because it is nonionic. The effect of surfactants on the phase transition of P(NIPAM-co-DMAEMA) exhibited a trend similar to the effect on the phase transition of PNIPAM.     

Monitoring tissue inflammation and responses to drug treatments in early stages of mice bone fracture using 50 MHz ultrasound

Bone fracture induces moderate inflammatory responses that are regulated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) for initiating tissue repair and bone formation. Only a handful of non-invasive techniques focus on monitoring acute inflammation of injured bone currently exists. In the current study, we monitored in vivo inflammation levels during the initial 2 weeks of the inflammatory stage after mouse bone fracture utilizing 50 MHz ultrasound. The acquired ultrasonic images were correlated well with histological examinations. After the bone fracture in the tibia, dynamic changes in the soft tissue at the medial-posterior compartment near the fracture site were monitored by ultrasound on the days of 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14. The corresponding echogenicity increased on the 2nd, 4th, and 7th day, and subsequently declined to basal levels after the 14th day. An increase of cell death was identified by the positive staining of deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and was consistent with ultrasound measurements. The increases of both COX-2 and Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT₁, 5-LO-relative receptor), which are regulators for tissue inflammation, in the immunohistochemistry staining revealed their involvement in bone fracture injury. Monitoring the inflammatory response to various non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treatments was investigated by treating injured mice with a daily oral intake of aspirin (Asp), indomethacin (IND), and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-236). The Asp treatment significantly reduced fracture-increased echogenicity (hyperechogenicity, p < 0.05) in ultrasound images as well as inhibited cell death, and expression of COX-2 and BLT₁. In contrast, treatment with IND or SC-236 did not reduce the hyperechogenicity, as confirmed by cell death (TUNEL) and expression levels of COX-2 or BLT₁. Taken together, the current study reports the feasibility of a non-invasive ultrasound method capable of monitoring post-fracture tissue inflammation that positively correlates with histological findings. Results of this study also suggest that this approach may be further applied to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory processes and to develop therapeutic strategies for facilitating fracture healing.