Polymorphy in the stereostructure of periodic polymer backbones

We theoretically investigated the polymorphy of the stereostructures of a periodic polymer. Using the polymer's internal conformation parameters of bond lengths, bond angles, and internal rotation angles, we extended the mathematical treatment for designing polymer backbones. We considered those periodic polymers whose unit cell consists of one (m = 1), two (m = 2), or three (m = 3) kinds of atoms. Moreover, for these three types of polymers, we supposed two catenation types for the skeleton atoms; one is a “homorotatory” sequence and the other is a “heterorotatory” one. To specify the backbone's stereostructure, we introduced several conformation parameters such as the helical pitch number n, the translation distance d, and the inclination angle of the skeleton plane Θ. By combining these parameters, we can systematically understand the variety and the possible polymorphy in the stereostructure of a periodic polymer backbone. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2829–2849, 2003     

Synthesis and kinetics of polymerization of unsaturated monomers with OH groups in their structure: I.3-hydroxyneopentyl acrylate

The synthesis of new unsaturated monomers containing functional groups has been theoretically analyzed by considering a simple kinetic scheme. In the reactions between acetyl and acryloyl chloride with neopentylglycol, it was shown that the comparison between theoretical and experimental results, does not allow us to conclude that the two rate constants controlling the reactions are equivalent. Kinetic experiments of the polymerization of 3-hydroxyneopentyl acrylate were carried out in benzene and 1,4-dioxane solution at different temperatures. Dilatometric techniques and nonlinear least-squares methods were used to obtain kinetic data and to determine the kinetic constants, respectively. The values of $k_p /k_t^{1/2}$ for this monomer were found higher in dioxane than in benzene due, probably, to the fact that in the last solvent the polymerization is heterogeneous. The activation energy, determined by using different values of $k_p /k_t^{1/2}$ was found 7.6 kcal/mol. The stereostructure of the polymers derived from 3-hydroxyneopentyl acrylate and 3-acetoxyneopentyl acrylate was determined by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy from the analysis of the resonance signals belonging to the carbonyl groups, obtaining values for the fraction of isotactic dyads in the range 0.36 ± 0.03 for both polymers. Finally, the glass transition temperatures of both polymers, determined calorimetrically, were found 281 and 255 K, respectively. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Three New Phthalide Glycosides from the Rhizomes of Cnidium officinale and Their Recovery Effect on Damaged Otic Hair Cells in Zebrafish

The extract from Cnidium officinale rhizomes was shown in a prior experiment to markedly recover otic hair cells in zebrafish damaged by neomycin. The current study was brought about to identify the principal metabolite. Column chromatography using octadecyl SiO₂ and SiO₂ was performed to isolate the major metabolites from the active fraction. The chemical structures were resolved on the basis of spectroscopic data, including NMR, IR, MS, and circular dichroism (CD) data. The isolated phthalide glycosides were assessed for their recovery effect on damaged otic hair cells in neomycin-treated zebrafish. Three new phthalide glycosides were isolated, and their chemical structures, including stereochemical characteristics, were determined. Two glycosides (0.1 μM) showed a recovery effect (p < 0.01) on otic hair cells in zebrafish affected by neomycin ototoxicity. Repeated column chromatography led to the isolation of three new phthalide glycosides, named ligusticosides C (1), D (2), and E (3). Ligusticoside C and ligusticoside E recovered damaged otic hair cells in zebrafish.     

Saturated nitrogencontaining heterocycles. 19. Catalytic reduction of 10- and 9,10-substitutedsym-octahydroacridinium salts

10-Methyl(phenyl)- and 9,10-diphenylperhydroacridines have been obtained by the catalytic reduction of 10- and 9,10-substituted sym-octahydroacridinium salts. Selective reduction of the furan ring occurred in the case of 9-(2-furyl)-10-phenyl-sym-octahydroacridinium perchlorate. The stereoisomeric composition of the reaction products has been established and a probable scheme for their formation has been proposed.N. G. Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Saratov 410600, Russia Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 8, pp. 1108–1112, August, 2000.     

（＋）-甲基丙烯酸{2,5-双[4′-（（S）-2-甲基丁氧基）苯基]苯基}酯的合成及其螺旋选择性自由基聚合

设计合成了手性单体（＋）-甲基丙烯酸{2,5-双[4′-（（S）-2-甲基丁氧基）苯基]苯基}酯,并进行了自由基溶液聚合.相比于单体,聚合物的比旋光度有显著的同向增长,且在其圆二色光谱上对应于三联苯侧基以及酯基的吸收区域呈现明显的Cotton效应,说明其主链可能采取某一旋向占优的螺旋构象.研究了聚合条件对聚合物旋光性质的影响.结果表明,采用极性大的芳香族溶剂或增加单体浓度有利于获得旋光度大的聚合物;随聚合温度增加,聚合物旋光度先增加后减小,在80℃时聚合达到最大值.该聚合物比甲基丙烯酸三芳基甲基酯类光学活性螺旋链聚合物具有更好的化学结构稳定性和立体结构稳定性.     

1,5-苯并硫氮杂α-氨基β-内酰胺的合成和立体结构研究

合成了6个1,5-苯并硫氮杂-α-氨基-β-内酰胺化合物,用MS、~1H NMR和元素分析对其结构进行了确证,并用X-射线衍射法确定了此类化合物的立体结构。     

Molecular dynamics study of the stereostructure of 1,4‐linked poly(cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene) obtained with π‐allylnickel‐based catalysts

Temperature‐constant and pressure‐constant molecular dynamics simulations of crystalline 1,4‐linked poly(cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene) (CHD) were performed using the COMPASS force field. Powder X‐ray diffraction spectra calculated from the simulated atomic coordinates were compared with the measured spectrum of the crystal of 1,4‐linked poly(CHD), obtained using a bis(allylnickel bromide) (ANiBr)/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst. As a result of the comparison, the geometrical isomerism of the 1,4‐linked poly(CHD) obtained with the ANiBr/MAO catalyst was found to be cis syndiotactic. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 973–978, 2001     

Aplyronine A, a potent antitumor macrolide of marine origin, and the congeners aplyronines B and C: isolation, structures, and bioactivities

Aplyronine A (2), a potent antitumor macrolide was isolated from the sea hare Aplysia kurodai together with the congeners aplyronines B (3) and C (4). The absolute stereostructure of aplyronine A (2) was determined by the instrumental analysis (mainly NMR and MS) and the enantioselective synthesis of the fragments obtained from chemical degradation of aplyronine A (2). The structures of aplyronines B (3) and C (4) were also elucidated. Cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of aplyronine A (2) were evaluated.     

Chaetomugilins I-O, new potent cytotoxic metabolites from a marine-fish-derived Chaetomium species. Stereochemistry and biological activities

Chaetomugilins I-O were isolated from a strain of Chaetomium globosum originally isolated from the marine fish Mugil cephalus, and their absolute stereostructures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, as well as chemical transformations. These compounds exhibited significant growth inhibition of cultured P388, HL-60, L1210, and KB cell lines. In addition, chaetomugilin I showed selective cytotoxic activity against 39 human cancer cell lines.     

Synthesis and kinetics of polymerization of unsaturated monomers with OH groups in their structure. II. 3-hydroxyneopentyl methacrylate

The synthesis of unsaturated monomers containing one or more hydroxyl groups by reaction between polyalcohols (number of OH, n≥2) and monoacid chlorides has been theoretically analyzed. The difficulties were shown involved in the preparation of these monomers with a high degree of purity even in the most favorable case of the completely substituted compound. The calculated mole fractions of the two monomers that can be obtained by reaction between neopentylglycol and methacryloyl chloride were compared with the experimental ones. Kinetic experiments of the polymerization of 3-hydroxyneopentyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were carried out at different temperatures in 1,4-dioxane for the former monomer and dioxane and absolute ethanol for the latter. Dilatometric techniques and nonlinear least-squares methods were used to obtain kinetic data and to determine the kinetic constants, respectively. In homogeneous solution the values of k_p/k^1/2_t for the 3-hydroxyneopentyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was determined by ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy and the molar fractions of tactic triads and dyads were calculated from different resonance signals. The polymers are predominantly syndiotactic and follow a Bernoullian distribution of tactic sequences. Finally, the glass transition temperatures of both polymers, determined calorimetrically, were 145 and 89°C, respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.