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1.
长白山土壤腹足类物种多样性初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
自1993年5月至10月对吉林长白山森林生态系统定位站的土壤腹足类进行了多样性调查,据初步调查的结果显示,长白山地区土壤腹足类种类少而单调,采样区仅发现15种,隶属于腹足纲9科13属,采样区土壤腹足类物种多样性指数和丰富度指数都是5月份最低,8月份达最大值,之后逐渐减小;均匀度指数5月份最高,7月份最低;单纯度指数也是5月份最高,最低值出现在10月份,土壤表层的陆生贝类物种多样性指数高于上层。 相似文献
2.
It is widely believed that evolutionary dynamics of artificial self‐replicators realized in cellular automata (CA) are limited in diversity and adaptation. Contrary to this view, we show that complex genetic evolution may occur within simple CA. The evolving self‐replicating loops (“evoloops”) we investigate exhibit significant diversity in macro‐scale morphologies and mutational biases, undergoing nontrivial genetic adaptation by maximizing colony density and enhancing sustainability against other species. Nonmutable subsequences enable genetic operations that alter fitness differentials and promote long‐term evolutionary exploration. These results demonstrate a unique example of genetic evolution hierarchically emerging from local interactions between elements much smaller than individual replicators. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 33–39, 2004 相似文献
3.
The results of NMR-spectroscopy studies of the structure, dynamic stereochemistry, and intermolecular interactions in solutions
of organic derivatives of penta-and hexacoordinated silicon, germanium, and tin containing amidomethyl, lactamomethyl, and
related bidentate ligands are surveyed.
For the series of works “Dynamic stereochemistry of hypervalent compounds of silicon, germanium, and tin,” the author was
awarded the Academia Europea Prize for young scientists from CIS in 1996.
Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 1912–1934. November, 1997. 相似文献
4.
Jerry W. Slootstra Wouter C. Puijk Gerard J. Ligtvoet Jan P. M. Langeveld Rob H. Meloen 《Molecular diversity》1996,1(2):87-96
Summary Two small random peptide libraries, one composed of 4550 dodecapeptides and one of 8000 tripeptides, were synthesized in newly developed credit-card format miniPEPSCAN cards (miniPEPSCAN libraries). Each peptide was synthesized in a discrete well (455 peptides/card). The two miniPEPSCAN libraries were screened with three different monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Two other random peptide libraries, expressed on the wall of bacteria (recombinant libraries) and composed of 107 hexa- and octapeptides, were screened with the same three Mabs. The aim of this study was to compare the amino acid sequence of peptides selected from small and large pools of random peptides and, in this way, investigate the potential of small random peptide libraries. The screening of the two miniPEPSCAN libraries resulted in the identification of a surprisingly large number of antibody-binding peptides, while the screening of the large recombinant libraries, using the same Mabs, resulted in the identification of only a small number of peptides. The large number of peptides derived from the small random peptide libraries allowed the determination of consensus sequences. These consensus sequences could be related to small linear and nonlinear parts of the respective epitopes. The small number of peptides derived from the large random peptide libraries could only be related to linear epitopes that were previously mapped using small libraries of overlapping peptides covering the antigenic protein. Thus, with respect to the cost and speed of identifying peptides that resemble linear and nonlinear parts of epitopes, small diversity libraries based on synthetic peptides appear to be superior to large diversity libraries based on expression systems.Abbreviations ABTS
2,2-azino-di-3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate
- EGF
epidermal growth factor
- Mab
monoclonal antibody
- ODccd
optical density obtained using CCD camera
- RAMPO
rabbit-antimouse peroxidase
- SDS
sodium dodecylsulfate
- TGEV
transmissible gastroenteritis virus 相似文献
5.
Brittain DE Gray BL Schreiber SL 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2005,11(17):5086-5093
A crossover in the ability of two distinct ruthenium-based metathesis pre-catalysts to effect the synthesis of dialkenylboronic esters in solution and on the solid-phase was observed. Specifically, while the Grubbs 2nd generation pre-catalyst 3 affords a greater degree of conversion to product than the Hoveyda-Grubbs pre-catalyst 2 in a solution-phase enyne-metathesis reaction, this trend is reversed in the solid-phase variant. Systematic investigation showed this trend to be general, regardless of variations in the homoallylic alcohol and alkynylboronic ester components of the reaction, as well as in the type of solid support employed. Experiments to determine a mechanistic hypothesis for this trend highlighted the significance of the ruthenium remaining bound to the substrate after metathetic rearrangement and found the presence of phosphine ligand to be detrimental to the success of the solid-phase reaction. Therefore, these results suggest an expanded role for phosphine-free pre-catalysts, such as 2, in challenging solid-phase metathesis reactions. 相似文献
6.
A planning strategy for diversity-oriented synthesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In contrast to target-oriented synthesis (TOS) and medicinal or combinatorial chemistry, which aim to access precise or dense regions of chemistry space, diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) populates chemical space broadly with small-molecules having diverse structures. The goals of DOS include the development of pathways leading to the efficient (three- to five-step) synthesis of collections of small molecules having skeletal and stereochemical diversity with defined coordinates in chemical space. Ideally, these pathways also yield compounds having the potential to attach appendages site- and stereoselectively to a variety of attachment sites during a post-screening, maturation stage. The diverse skeletons and stereochemistries ensure that the appendages can be positioned in multiple orientations about the surface of the molecules. TOS as well as medicinal and combinatorial chemistries have been advanced by the development of retrosynthetic analysis. Although the distinct goals of DOS do not permit the application of retrosynthetic concepts and thinking, these foundations are being built on, by using parallel logic, to develop a complementary procedure known as forward-synthetic analysis. This analysis facilitates synthetic planning, communication, and teaching in this evolving discipline. 相似文献
7.
Michael Limbach Markus Lweneck JürgV. Schreiber Jens Frackenpohl Dieter Seebach Andreas Billich 《Helvetica chimica acta》2006,89(7):1427-1441
β‐Peptides and, to a certain extent, also mixed α,β‐peptides, are resistant to degradation by a variety of proteolytic enzymes that rapidly degrade natural α‐peptides. This is one of many characteristics that make β‐peptides an attractive class of compounds for drug‐discovery studies. On the other hand, modern organometallic reactions such as the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling have become standard tools in industry laboratories to derivatize side chains of α‐peptidic compounds to build up libraries of unnatural peptides. Combining both features, we prepared (4‐bromo)‐β3‐homophenylalanine derivatives 3 – 5 and 12 as precursors for Suzuki–Miyaura couplings. From these bromo compounds, we synthesized biaryl‐substituted β‐homoamino acids 6 , and analogs 13 and 15 of the anti‐AIDS drug Saquinavir. 相似文献
8.
We present novel inorganic–organic hybrid catalyst to accomplish domino multi‐component reaction (MCR) for synthesis of 3‐amino‐2′‐oxospiro[benzo[c]pyrano[3,2‐a]phenazine‐1,3′‐indoline]‐2‐carbonitrile/carboxylate derivatives. This methodology offers remarkable development by easy production of H3PMo12O40/Hyd‐SBA‐15 in regard to solving the problem of using harsh catalysts, also it demonstrates to be impressive and environmentally friendly in term of low reaction times and high yields. 相似文献
9.
The aldol reactions of 2‐arylimino‐3‐aryl‐thiazolidine‐4‐ones with benzaldehyde carried out at ?78 °C were found to produce sec‐carbinols. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the aldol products forming a six‐membered ring enabled the assignment of stereochemistries of the major and minor diastereomers via analysis of the syn and anti 3JH,H 1H NMR coupling constants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Ramu Surakanti Sumalatha Sanivarapu Chiranjeevi Thulluri Pravin S. Iyer Raghuram S. Tangirala Rambabu Gundla Dr. Uma Addepally Y. L. N. Murthy Lakshmi Velide Dr. Subhabrata Sen 《化学:亚洲杂志》2013,8(6):1168-1176
An elegant reagent‐controlled strategy has been developed for the generation of a diverse range of biologically active scaffolds from a chiral bicyclic lactam. Reduction of the chiral lactam with LAH or alkylation with LHMDS to trigger different cyclization reactions have been shown to generate privileged scaffolds, such as pyrrolidines, indolines, and cyclotryptamines. Their amenability to substitution allows us to create various compound libraries by using these scaffolds. In silico studies were used to estimate the drug‐like properties of these compounds. Selected compounds were subjected to anticancer screening by using three different cell lines. In addition, all these compounds were subjected to antibacterial screening to gauge the spectrum of biological activity that was conferred by our DOS methodology. Gratifyingly, with no additional iterative cycles, our method directly generated anticancer compounds with potency at low nanomolar concentrations, as represented by spiroindoline 14 . 相似文献