SPORES AND POLLEN IN CRUDE OILS AND PETROLEUM SOURCE OF TARIM BASIN

One hundred and forty-seven species of spores and pollen referred to 77 genera found in the crudeoil samples taken from four petroliferous provinces of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Provincehave been studied in this paper. By means of these spore and pollen fossils, the geological ages anddistribution of the petroleum source rocks of the basin are judged. Also, the principles and methodsto judge the petroleum source of a petroleum province by spore/pollen and other microfossils in crudeoils are explained.     

紫外光度法间接测定脱脂乳中的芽孢数量

为了有效控制乳制品生产过程、保证质量,克服芽孢杆菌传统计数方法周期长的缺点,本实验通过分光光度法检测芽孢中特异性物质2,6-吡啶二羧酸(DPA)。根据DPA浓度与芽孢数量的关系,建立了快速检测脱脂乳中芽孢数量的方法。本研究对脱脂乳及其芽孢处理、DPA释放及采用紫外分光光度法检测做了研究。通过准确度和加标回收率检验,建立DPA含量与芽孢数的线性关系,回归方程为y=0.2084x-0.9363,r=0.6998,经验证可有效估测脱脂乳中芽孢数量(P<0.05)。     

温压结合超高压处理对芽孢杀灭作用的研究进展

 详细介绍了温压结合超高压杀菌技术的优点,指出其独特的应用优势,深入完整地综述了温压结合超高压处理对各类细菌芽孢的杀灭作用及动力学研究成果,并对温压结合超高压处理杀灭芽孢的机理做了初步总结。在此基础上,分析了该研究领域尚存在的问题,提出了未来的研究重点和方向。     

Hydrostatic high pressure applied to food sterilization III: Application to spices and spice mixtures

Abstract

The response of suspensions of spices and spice mixtures in water to high pressure treatment was investigated. Inactivation of the microbial load–mainly aerobic and unaerobic spore formers–was strongly dependent on water activity and temperature. Samples were completely decontaminated after three pressure cycles (30 min at 80 MPa followed by 30 min at 350 MPa) at 70 °C at a minimum water activity of 0.91. Pressure treated samples were examined for sensory and chemical changes. No significant changes in odour and appearance were recognized by a trained sensory panel, nor were changes in the volatile compounds of the samples detected by static headspace gaschromatography.     

灵芝及虫草菌丝体中微量元素含量的分析

利用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法对人工培育的灵芝,灵芝孢子粉,虫草菌丝体中具有重要生理意义的元素锌,铁,锰,镁,锗进行了检测,比较了灵芝子实体,灵芝孢子粉,虫草菌丝体中５种元素的含量,探讨了５种元素的药理作用。     

Synthesis and stereochemical assignment of DNA spore photoproduct analogues

Investigation of the DNA repair process performed by the spore photoproduct (SP) lyase repair enzyme is strongly hampered by the lack of defined substrates needed for detailed enzymatic studies. The problem is particularly severe because the repair enzyme belongs to the class of strongly oxygen-sensitive radical (S)-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes, which are notoriously difficult to handle. We report the synthesis of the spore photoproduct analogues 1 a and 1 b, which have open backbones and are diastereoisomers. In order to solve the problem of stereochemical assignment, two further derivatives 2 a and 2 b with closed backbones were prepared. The key step of the synthesis of 2 a/b is a metathesis-based macrocyclization that strongly increases the conformational rigidity of the synthetic spore photoproduct derivatives. NOESY experiments of the cyclic isomers furnished a clear cross-peak pattern that allowed the unequivocal assignment of the stereochemistry. The results were transferred to the data for isomers 1 a and 1 b, which were subsequently used for enzymatic-repair studies. These studies were performed with the novel spore photoproduct lyase repair enzyme from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The studies showed an accordance with a recent investigation performed by us with the spore photoproduct lyase from Bacillus subtilis, in that only the S isomer 1 a is recognized and repaired. The ability to prepare a defined functioning substrate now paves the way for detailed enzymatic studies of the SP-lyase lesion recognition and repair process.     

Preparation and evaluation of spore-specific affinity-augmented bio-imprinted beads

A novel, affinity-augmented, bacterial spore-imprinted, bead material was synthesized, based on a procedure developed for vegetative bacteria. The imprinted beads were intended as a front-end spore capture/concentration stage of an integrated biological detection system. Our approach involved embedding bead surfaces with Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bt) spores (as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis) during synthesis. Subsequent steps involved lithographic deactivation using a perfluoroether; spore removal to create imprint sites; and coating imprints with the lectin, concanavalin A, to provide general affinity. The synthesis of the intended material with the desired imprints was verified by scanning electron and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The material was evaluated using spore-binding assays with either Bt or Bacillus subtilis (Bs) spores. The binding assays indicated strong spore-binding capability and a robust imprinting effect that accounted for 25% additional binding over non-imprinted controls. The binding assay results also indicated that further refinement of the surface deactivation procedure would enhance the performance of the imprinted substrate.     

Effect of Chitosan and Temperature on Spore Germination of Aspergillus niger

Inhibition of radial growth and spore germination of Aspergillus niger in media with added chitosan were detected. The highest radial growth inhibition (73%) was determined at 24 h with 3 g · L^?1 of chitosan, and the percent inhibition of spore germination was 40% after 13 h of inoculation. Further, the CC₅₀, that is, the concentration at which spore germination is inhibited by 50%, was estimated by probit analysis (3.5 g · L^?1). The activation energies, E_A were estimated by an Arrhenius model in control and amended chitosan media, obtaining 35.6 and 36.6 kcal · mol^?1, respectively. These values were in the same order of magnitude because chitosan as inhibitor was more effective at low temperature (≤ 18 °C). Hence synergism of temperature and chitosan were only observed at 12 and 18 °C. Therefore, the maximal percentage of germinated spores, S_max was also affected by low temperatures in chitosan‐amended media with estimated values lower than 70% at temperatures < 37 °C whereas in control media S_max reached values close to 100%. Scanning electron micrographs showed that chitosan produced spore aggregation and morphological anomalies affecting swelling, germ tube emergence, and polarization.

Germinated spores percentages of Aspergillus niger in Czapeck media at several chitosan concentrations and 30 °C.