Monodisperse polyglycidyl methacrylate (PGMA) microsphere particles crosslinked with divinylbenzene crosslinker were prepared by single-stage dispersion copolymerization in ethanol medium. 1 wt% of DVB was successfully incorporated due to the costabilizing effect of GMA as a surface-active monomer. This behavior may indicate that the fast formation of stable primary particle leads to monodispersity. The average particle sizes and the particle size distributions increased with the DVB crosslinker concentration. The effects of two different variables (initiator concentration, crosslinker concentration) on the rate of dispersion copolymerization have been investigated. With the initiator concentration, the polymerization procedure mainly depended on the dual natures of general dispersion polymerization, in the crosslinked state. Up to 1 wt% DVB, the particle growth was controlled by the monomer diffusion from the continuous phase into the particle phase. 相似文献
The phase behavior of ternary systems (either a polymer solution in a mixed solvent or a polymer blend in a single solvent) was modeled theoretically. The modeling considers two specific features of polymers explicitly: chain connectivity and the ability to respond to changes in the molecular environment by conformational reorientation. Previously, this approach has been applied to polymer solutions in single solvents. Here it is generalized and the number of parameters is reduced to two per binary system. The calculation of the Gibbs energies of the ternary mixtures accounts for the composition dependencies of the binary interaction parameters. The following phenomena are reproduced realistically for polymer solutions in a mixed solvent and for solutions of two polymers in a common solvent: simplicity, co‐solvency, and co‐non‐solvency. The results nourish the hope that the new approach is capable of modeling phase diagrams for ternary systems by means of binary interaction parameters only.
The configurational and solvency properties of low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate have been determined for a wide range of ionic strength solutions, from intrinsic viscosity data in the polymer literature.The variations of the polymer properties with ionic strength (I) are described very well by simple mathematical expressions. Thus, a linear relationship was found between the solvency parameter and 1/I(1/2), while the variations of the expansion factor and the radius of gyration with 1/I(1/2) were described by second order polynomials.LowI solutions (i.e. < 0.01) have a high solvency for sodium polyacrylate. In such solutions the polymer is in a highly expanded configuration. Thus, the radius of gyration of a typical, low molecular weight (ca. 5000 g mol–1) sodium polyacrylate approaches the limiting value of ca. 4.5 nm atI<0.01.Conversely, high ionic strength solutions (i.e. >0.10) have a low solvency for sodium polyacrylate. In such solutions the polymer is in a virtually unexpanded configuration. Thus, the radius of gyration of a typical, low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate approaches the limiting value of ca. 2.0 nm atI>0.10. 相似文献
The effect ofn-butyl glycol ethers used as cosurfactants on the microemulsions formulated with two nonionic surfactants, hexaoxyethylene glycol monolauryl ether and sorbitan monolaurate, is presented on ternary phase diagrams. The solubilization parameters as well as isothermal invariant points (IIP) of microemulsions were correlated with the solubility parameters of cosurfactants. An optimum solubility parameter of cosurfactants was established around 9 (cal/cm3)1/2 where both IIP and solubilization parameters are optimal for water and oil solubilization with the lowest concentration of amphiphilic compounds. The mixture of cosurfactants can be used to obtain a certain transition on the phase diagram and so to achieve certain characteristics for microemulsions, especially to tailor the solvency of the system.On leave from the University of Bucharest Department of Physical Chemistry Bdul Republicii 13 Bucharest, Romania 相似文献
In this paper we analyze a measure of the insurance company’s value in an extended Lundberg model which includes the effect of competition on pricing. The extended model is designed to be an integral part of a multi-year controlled risk model of a company operating on both competitive insurance and financial markets, when insureds migrate in seeking for better rates and investors migrate in seeking for higher return on investments. 相似文献