碳量子点的合成研究进展与展望

碳量子点(CQDs)呈现出的亲水性、低细胞毒性、化学及光稳定性等优异性质,使其在化学、生物医学、传感学及光电子学领域得到了广泛的关注与应用。本文重点介绍CQDs合成的最新进展,总结了宏观条件下CQDs合成的自上而下法(弧光放电、激光烧蚀、电化学等)与自下而上法(化学氧化、热分解、微波加热等),比较了不同合成方法中碳源的利用率、反应条件、产物的尺寸分布、荧光性能及应用,讨论了各种合成方法的成功之处与存在的问题。文中详细介绍了基于微反应器原理的反胶束法和模板法在CQDs尺寸可控合成领域的应用。微流控芯片技术在纳米材料合成中显现安全、高效、可控等优于宏观反应体系的优势,结合目前微流控芯片合成CQDs的研究进展,可以预期微流控芯片在不久的将来将会在CQDs的合成中得到更成功的应用。     

Size control synthesis of starch capped-gold nanoparticles

Metallic gold nanoparticles have been synthesized by the reduction of chloroaurate anions [AuCl₄]⁻ solution with hydrazine in the aqueous starch and ethylene glycol solution at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure. The characterization of synthesized gold nanoparticles by UV–vis spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron diffraction analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-rays photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that average size of pure gold nanoparticles is 3.5 nm, they are spherical in shape and are pure metallic gold. The concentration effects of [AuCl₄]⁻ anions, starch, ethylene glycol, and hydrazine, on particle size, were investigated, and the stabilization mechanism of Au nanoparticles by starch polymer molecules was also studied by FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FT-IR and TGA analysis shows that hydroxyl groups of starch are responsible of capping and stabilizing gold nanoparticles. The UV–vis spectrum of these samples shows that there is blue shift in surface plasmon resonance peak with decrease in particle size due to the quantum confinement effect, a supporting evidence of formation of gold nanoparticles and this shift remains stable even after 3 months.     

Size Controlled Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Photochemically Prepared Seed Particles

Gold nanoparticles having prechosen size ranging from 5 to 110 nm have been prepared in two steps. Firstly, small spherical particles (seed) of average diameters between 5 and 20 nm were prepared by varying the ratio of gold ion concentration to stabilizer/reductant, TX-100 concentration and using UV irradiation. Secondly, 20–110 nm particles were formed by a non-iterative seed-mediated growth where small particles produced by the above irradiation technique were exploited as seeds and fresh Au(III) ions were reduced onto the surface on the seed particles by ascorbic acid. The kinetics of particle formation has also been reported. These methods were fast and showed improved monodispersity sphericity and excellent reproducibility.     

爆轰法合成纳米氧化铈粒径的控制

为获得爆轰合成过程中纳米氧化铈粒径的控制方法,采用乳化炸药爆轰法合成了纳米氧化铈粉末,研究了乳化炸药基质中水相液滴的尺寸对乳化炸药爆速和纳米氧化铈粒径的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和激光粒度仪,对不同乳化条件下得到的乳化炸药基质和相应的纳米氧化铈进行表征。结果表明,乳化炸药基质中水相液滴的尺寸对乳化炸药爆速和纳米氧化铈粒径均有较大的影响,乳化炸药基质中水相液滴的尺寸越小,相应的乳化炸药爆速越高,爆轰合成的纳米氧化铈的粒径越小,且粒径分布越均匀。     

Au-Ni异质结纳米晶的尺寸调控

系统研究了贵金属引导还原法制备Au-Ni异质结纳米晶中的尺寸控制规律, 并通过TEM、紫外-可见光谱对样品进行了表征. 研究表明: 在240 ℃条件下, Au-Ni异质结的合成过程中, 减少Au前驱体用量, 并不能减小异质结中Au端颗粒的尺寸, 此时其尺寸保持不变而Ni端颗粒的尺寸明显增大; 在反应体系中引入适量的双十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(DDAB)会使异质结Au端颗粒尺寸相应减小, 同时Ni端颗粒尺寸保持不变, 进而实现异质结两端颗粒尺寸的选择性调控. 要实现Au、Ni端颗粒尺寸的同时减小需降低反应温度, 但一定范围内的升高温度则不会产生明显作用. 以上研究不单提供了纳米异质结的调控方法, 也为进一步研究Au-Ni双金属纳米晶的催化等性能打下了材料基础.