Thermal analysis of renal stones

The chemical composition of 200 renal stones, collected from Taxila, Rawalpindi and Islamabad regions in Pakistan, was determined by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The thermal curves show weight losses at various temperatures indicating dehydration and decomposition phenomena of renal stones. Results were compared with qualitative data obtained by IR analysis which confirmed the chemical composition of various stones in the solid state. The thermal curves helped in the differentiation of various kinds of water held by stones and their chemical composition was obtained by weight loss during pyrolysis. It was found that 26.5% of the stones were pure whewellite, 3% weddellite, 13% uric acid anhydrous, 7.5% struvite, 2.5% ammonium acid urate, 0.5% cystine and 47% stones had mixed composition. In the mixed state the most frequent combinations were those of calcium oxalate with uric acid (14.5%) and with phosphates (27.5%).

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Zusammenfassung Mittels TG und DTA wurde die chemische Zusammensetzung von 200 Nierensteinen untersucht, die in den Gebieten Taxila, Rawalpindi und Islamabad in Indien gesammelt wurden. Die Thermogramme zeigen Masseverluste bei verschiedenen Temperaturen, die auf Dehydratation und Zersetzung der Nierensteine hinweisen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den qualitativen Resultaten aus der IR-Analyse verglichen, welche die chemische Zusammensetzung der verschiedenen Steine im festen Zustand bekräftigte. Die Thermogramme halfen bei der Unterscheidung von verschieden gebundenem Wasser, ihre chemische Zusammensetzung wurde durch Gewichtsverlust bei der Pyrolyse bestimmt. Man fand, daß 26.5 % der Steine aus reinem Whewellit bestanden, 3 % aus Weddellit, 13 % aus anhydrierter Harnsäure, 7.5 % aus Struvit, 2.5 % aus Ammmoniumhydrogenurat, 0.5 % aus Cystin und 47 % der Steine hatten eine gemischte Zusammensetzung. Die häufigsten Kombinationen der Mischzusammensetzungen waren Calciumoxalat mit Harnsäure (14.5 %) und mit Phosphaten (27.5 %).

     

肾炎及肾衰患者血中金属元素含量的变化

用原子吸收法或极谱法测定了对例慢性肾炎病人（A组）和24例慢性肾衰病人(B组)及40名健康人（对照组，C组）全血中的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Se、Pb和Ga含量。结果表明，A组与C组比较．血中Fe的含量A组明显低于C组（P＜0.05），Zn、Mn和Se的含量A组均非常明显低于C组（P＜0.01），Pb含量A组非常明显高于C组（P＜0．01），Cu和Ca含量两组间均无明显差异（P＞0.05）；B组与C组比较，Fe含量B组明显低于C组（P＜0.06），Se含量则B组明显高于C组（P＜0.05）；Zn、Mn、Cu、Ga含量B组均非常明显低于C组（P＜0.01），而Pb含量则B组非常明显高于C组（P＜0．01）。     

广州黄埔区内0～6岁儿童近五年健康状况分析

为了解最近5年广州医学院港湾医院辖区内0~6岁小儿的营养、健康状况变化趋势和明确今后儿童保健工作的重点,对该院管辖的7所幼儿园集体儿童及9个居委散居儿童,连续5年(2002—2006年)的体检资料进行了回顾性分析,人数达14485人,所有的体检资料均按照《WHO 0~6岁儿童身高体质量参考值及评价标准》以及贫血、视力异常、龋齿的国家卫生部标准进行评价。结果表明,总体的儿童营养不良率为0.86%,肥胖率为1.87%,生长迟缓患病率为1.26%,轻度贫血率1.35%;观察各年情况,肥胖率有逐年增长趋势,儿童营养不良率无逐年下降趋势;广州医学院港湾医院辖区内0~6岁小儿的营养不良、肥胖、生长迟缓、轻度贫血等患病率低于全国水平,但也有不容忽视之处,营养不良、轻度贫血等并没有因生活水平的提高而消失。加强对家长的科学育儿健康教育,以提高他们的育儿知识水平,是儿保工作的重点,应进一步降低儿童营养不良、贫血的发生率;对儿童肥胖应当切实采取措施,预防和控制肥胖症的发生。     

Urinary d‐lactate levels reflect renal function in aristolochic acid‐induced nephropathy in mice

Urinary d ‐lactate is highly correlated to diabetic nephropathy – a progressive kidney disease in renal glomeruli. In this study, we used a C3H/3e mouse model to investigate the relationship between urinary d ‐lactate and aristolochic acid nephropathy where the glomerular structure is not affected. The nephropathy was induced using intravenous injections of aristolochic acid at a dosage of 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days and was characterized biochemically and histologically. The urinary excretions of proteins, N‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐glucosaminidase and serum creatinine were determined and connected to histological conventional findings. Urinary d ‐lactate was analyzed using column‐switching high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The results showed a remarkable increase of urinary markers, including of urinary proteins and N‐acetyl‐β‐d ‐glucosaminidase, and the histological examination confirmed a diagnosis of acute tubule necrosis. The ratio of d ‐lactate to creatinine in the urine of aristolochic acid‐treated mice was approximately 36 times greater than that of the mice in the control group (p < 0.05). The ratios for the two groups of mice were 311.00 ± 71.70 and 8.60 ± 1.80 µmol/mmol creatinine, respectively. These data confirm in vivo that urinary d ‐lactate reflects renal injury conditions in aristolochic acid‐treated mice and may be a marker for the assessment of nephropathy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization and cytotoxicity and antihuman renal cell carcinoma potentials of starch capped-copper oxide nanoparticles synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug

In this research article we have demonstrated the sustainable green synthesis of a novel starch templated CuO NP following a clean and non-hazardous pathway. Ultrasonic irradiation was used to promote the reaction in alkaline medium. The numerous hydroxyl groups present in starch was exploited in the green reduction of immobilized copper ions in situ. They also helped to stabilize the as synthesized Cu NPs by encapsulation or capping. The morphology and physicochemical characteristics were ascertained over an array of analytical techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental Mapping, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Biologically, the nanocomposite exhibited excellent cytotoxicity against human renal cell carcinoma (RCC-GH, CaKi-2 and HEK293) cell lines without affecting the normal (HUVEC) cell line. IC₅₀ values of the nanocomposite were found at 139, 208and 125 against RCC-GH, CaKi-2 and HEK293 cell lines respectively and accordingly, HEK293 afforded the best adenocarcinoma activity.     

Low C24‐OH and C22‐OH sulfatides in human renal cell carcinoma

Histopathologic diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) may sometimes be difficult with small biopsy samples. We applied histology‐directed matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to RCC samples to evaluate whether and how lipid profiles are different between RCC and normal tissue. We evaluated 59 RCC samples and 24 adjacent normal tissue samples collected from patients who underwent surgery. Five peaks were significantly differently expressed (p < 10^?7) between RCCs and adjacent normal tissue samples. C24‐OH sulfatide (ST‐OH {18:1/24:0}[M‐H]^?; m/z 906.7 in the negative ion mode) and C22‐OH sulfatide (ST‐OH {18:1/22:0}[M‐H]^?; m/z 878.6 in the negative ion mode) were most significantly underexpressed in RCC samples, compared with adjacent normal tissue samples. With 100 random training‐to‐test partitions within these samples, the median prediction accuracy (RCC vs. normal) ranged from 96.3% to 100% at p cutoff values for feature selection ranging from 0.001 to 10^?7. Two oncocytoma samples were predicted as normal tissue by five lipids that were differentially expressed between RCC and normal tissue at p < 10^?7. Clear‐cell, papillary, and chromophobe RCCs were different in lipid profiles. Permutation p‐ values for 0.632+ bootstrap cross‐validated misclassification rates were less than 0.05 for all the classifiers. Thus, lipid profiles differentiate RCC from normal tissue and may possibly classify the histology of RCC. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Mass Spectrometry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

促红细胞生成素B螺旋表面肽的代谢稳定性结构修饰：设计、合成及其提高的肾保护作用

肾脏缺血缺氧以及再灌注过程都将导致肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,使肾功能严重受损.肾脏的缺血再灌注损伤是移植肾功能延迟恢复的主要原因并能诱导急慢性排斥,影响肾存活率.近年来发现,衍生于促红细胞生成素（EPO）的B螺旋亚基亲水表面序列的肽链（HBSP）,对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤具有显著的保护作用,但其在体内极短的半衰期（约2min）极大地限制了它的临床应用.因此,本研究采用构象约束、全D-构型氨基酸替换和N-端封闭策略,设计了3种类型的EPOB螺旋表面肽衍生物,旨在提高其代谢稳定性环肽的设计采用了对氧化还原稳定的硫醚键和相对刚性的亚砜键两种环合方式.在多肽的合成上,采用微波辅助多肽自动合成和手工合成两种模式有机结合;优化了硫醚环合工艺,应用微波加热进行硫醚环肽的合成,大大提高了产率和效率;利用圆二色（CD）谱确定了亚砜环肽的相对构型.活性实验表明,相对于线性母肽HBSP,本文设计合成的代谢稳定衍生肽对大/小鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤均有显著提高的保护作用,且硫醚和R-构型亚砜环肽的肾脏保护活性强于S-构型亚砜环肽.而且,环化确实提高了功能肽的血浆稳定性.因此,本文合成的硫醚环肽一周一次注射剂量等效于线性肽HBSP一日三次剂量对小鼠肾损伤的保护作用.     

肾小管上皮细胞损伤及其诱导草酸钙晶体成核

肾上皮细胞损伤可促进肾结石形成.本文采用过氧化氢(H2O2)对人类肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)进行了氧化损伤,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和倒置显微镜观察了HKC损伤前后的形态变化及其调控草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体成核、生长的差异;采用zeta电位分析仪检测了损伤前后HKC表面的zeta电位变化.结果表明,H2O2能明显地损伤HKC,降低细胞活性,且在H2O2浓度范围0.1～0.5mmol/L、作用时间0.5～1.5h内具有明显的剂量和时间的依赖性;使用0.5mmol/LH2O2作用1.5h可使HKC损伤达到饱和状态.HKC损伤程度增加后,其诱导的晶体数量显著增加,但晶体尺寸增加不明显(P0.05),表明损伤细胞诱导尿石症形成主要是增加晶体的成核位点而非促进晶体的生长.本文所建立的HKC氧化损伤的模型有助于进一步阐明CaOxa结石形成的细胞机制.     

肾性骨病与微量元素铝相关性观察

观察了32例慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者血铝含量,平均为12668±06358,明显高于正常人血铝07286±00826,P<001;血铝与血钙水平呈负相关r=-06235,P<005;肾性骨病(ROD)患者血铝明显高于非骨病患者(P<005)。提出CRF患者有明显铝蓄积,并且与ROD有相关性。对CRF患者应注意血铝的监测,以便进行针对性预防和治疗。