Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction using low density solvent for analysis of toxic nitrophenols in natural waters

An ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (USAEME) based on low-density solvents was successfully applied for the extraction and pre-concentration of four toxic nitrophenols in water samples. The extracted analytes were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection. The important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized utilizing two different optimization methods: one variable at a time (OVAT) and central composite design (CCD). The results showed that the emulsification process can be completed in a few seconds using low-density solvents, but almost 10–20?min is necessary for high-density solvents. Under the optimum conditions (extraction solvent, 1-octanol; extraction solvent volume, 40?µL; sample pH, 3.0; salt concentration, 20% (w/v) NaCl; extraction temperature, 40 (±3)°C), limits of detection of the method were in the range of 0.25 to 1?µg?L^?1 and the repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed method, expressed as relative deviation, varied in the range of 2.2–4.2% and 4.7–6.9%, respectively. Linearity was found to be in the range of 1 to 200?µg?L^?1 and the preconcentration factors (PFs) were between 77 and 175. The relative recoveries of the four nitrophenols from water samples at spiking level of 10.0?µg?L^?1 were in the range of 92.0 to 115.0%.     

Secondary Formation of Aromatic Nitroderivatives of Environmental Concern: Photonitration Processes Triggered by the Photolysis of Nitrate and Nitrite Ions in Aqueous Solution

Aromatic nitroderivatives are compounds of considerable environmental concern, because some of them are phytotoxic (especially the nitrophenols, and particularly 2,4-dinitrophenol), others are mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic (e.g., the nitroderivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-nitropyrene), and all of them absorb sunlight as components of the brown carbon. The latter has the potential to affect the climatic feedback of atmospheric aerosols. Most nitroderivatives are secondarily formed in the environment and, among their possible formation processes, photonitration upon irradiation of nitrate or nitrite is an important pathway that has periodically gained considerable attention. However, photonitration triggered by nitrate and nitrite is a very complex process, because the two ionic species under irradiation produce a wide range of nitrating agents (such as ^•NO₂, HNO₂, HOONO, and H₂OONO⁺), which are affected by pH and the presence of organic compounds and, in turn, deeply affect the nitration of aromatic precursors. Moreover, aromatic substrates can highly differ in their reactivity towards the various photogenerated species, thereby providing different behaviours towards photonitration. Despite the high complexity, it is possible to rationalise the different photonitration pathways in a coherent framework. In this context, this review paper has the goal of providing the reader with a guide on what to expect from the photonitration process under different conditions, how to study it, and how to determine which pathway(s) are prevailing in the formation of the observed nitroderivatives.     

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Some Chloro- and Nitrophenols ny Direct Acetylation in Aqueous Solution

Abstract

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of trace amounts of some chloro- and nitrophenols is reported. Direct acetylation of chloro- and nitrophenols is carried out by adding acetic anhydride to large volumes of an alkaline aqueous solution of phenols. The stable acetate esters formed improve chromatographic characteristics and also provide for near quantitative extraction using small volumes of methylene chloride. Relative retention times of nine acetates of phenols on 1% SP-1240 A are reported and seven derivatives have been separated. The increased extraction efficiency, short extraction time and small volume of organic solvent used are some of the attractive features of this method in comparison to currently used methods.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of trace levels of nitrophenols in water samples after dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction

An efficient and fast dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction method was developed using MIL‐101(Cr)/poly (mercaptobenzothiazole)@magnetite nanoparticles for the preconcentration and determination of nitrophenols in river and rain water samples. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐Ultraviolet instrument was applied for the analysis of target nitrophenols. The effect of several variables on the extraction performance was explored via design of experiment approach. Limits of detection and linear dynamic ranges were attained in the range of 0.05–0.10 µg/L and 0.2–250 µg/L, respectively. The enrichment factors were in the range of 317–363. The precision (n = 3) of dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction method was in the range of 5.3–6.8%. Eventually, the method was utilized for the analysis of target nitrophenols in river and rain water samples.     

Selective Nitration of Phenolic Compounds by Green Synthetic Approaches

Aromatic nitration is one of the most important unit processes in synthetic organic chemistry and in the chemical industry. Particularly, nitrophenols are important precursors for the production of dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, explosives, plastics, and other industrially important products. Many commercial processes are available for the production of these important nitro precursors, but some processes are commonly lead to mixtures of regioisomers and are not environmentally friendly. Thus, in recent years many scientists have been developed new methodologies to improve selectivity and yield of the products. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the synthesis of nitrophenols by green chemistry approaches.     

Investigations into the nitric acid mediated dehalonitration of halophenols

A reaction of nitric acid with bromophenols and iodophenols results in substitution of the halogen with a nitro group. The study indicates moderate reactivity for bromophenols and iodophenols, while chlorophenols were found to be sluggish in this reaction.     

一种二维吖嗪共价有机骨架材料涂层毛细管的制备及其用于开管-毛细管电色谱分离硝基苯酚类环境内分泌干扰物

作为一种新型多孔晶体材料,共价有机骨架材料（COFs）由于具有比表面积大、密度小、稳定性高及孔径可调等特点而在诸多领域中得到了广泛的应用。但将其用作固定相以提高开管-毛细管电色谱（OT-CEC）分离效率的研究报道较少。鉴于此,该文参考文献方法合成了一种二维吖嗪COF（ACOF-1）,然后以ACOF-1作为固定相制备了ACOF-1涂层毛细管并以其为分离通道建立了一种分离硝基苯酚类环境内分泌干扰物（EEDs）的OT-CEC新方法。通过X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜等表征手段证明成功合成并制备了ACOF-1和ACOF-1涂层毛细管。实验结果表明,在最佳分离条件下,所建立的OT-CEC方法可在20 min内实现2-硝基苯酚、4-硝基苯酚、2,4-二硝基苯酚和2,4,6-三硝基苯酚4种硝基苯酚分析物的基线分离。4种分析物的线性范围分别为10~500 mg/L和20~1000 mg/L,决定系数均大于0.99,检出限和定量限分别为0.13~0.23 mg/L和0.45~0.60 mg/L。迁移时间和峰面积的日内、日间及柱间相对标准偏差均不超过9.4%,表明所建立的方法重现性好,稳定性高,可用于硝基苯酚类EEDs的分离检测。分离机理研究表明ACOF-1孔结构对各分析物的尺寸选择作用是影响分离行为的主要因素。该工作证明了以COFs作为固定相的OT-CEC方法用于分离检测EEDs的可行性,后续将继续围绕COFs涂层毛细管的制备及其用于OT-CEC分离测定EEDs开展研究。     

Spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity of Cu(II) and Fe(III) complexes of 2-(5-Cl/NO2-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-Br/NO2-phenols

The compounds of 2-(5-chloro/nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-4-bromo/nitrophenols (HL_X : X = 1–4) and their copper(II) nitrate and iron(III) nitrate complexes have been synthesized and characterized. The structures of the complexes were confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, molar conductivity and magnetic moment measurements, FT-IR, mass, and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques. The complexes show high-thermal stability with >350°C m.p. In all complexes, the ligands are bidentate via one imine nitrogen and a phenolate oxygen. Cu(II) complexes having 1 : 2 M : L ratio are classified as non-electrolytes, whereas 1 : 1 M : L ratio is observed in Fe(III) complexes except [Fe(L₃)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃) ? 3H₂O. The antimicrobial activities of the ligands and the complexes were evaluated using the disc diffusion method in DMSO as well as minimum inhibitory concentration dilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis. Antifungal activities were reported for Candida albicans. The complexes [Fe(L₃)₂(H₂O)₂](NO₃) ? 3H₂O and [Cu(L₃)₂] ? 2H₂O are more effective against S. epidermidis than ciprofloxacin.