Composition and in vitro Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Erigeron canadensis and Myrtus communis from France

Essential oils of Erigeron canadensis L. and Myrtus communis L. were tested in vitro as growth inhibitors against phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav. Both showed weak fungicidal acitivity, except the essential oil of M. communis that exerted a 60% growth inhibition against R. Solani at a dose of 1600 ppm. Microscopic observation revealed that the essential oil of M. Communis caused morphological alterations of hyphae of all fungi at 1600 ppm, while, at the same dose, only the hyphal morphology of C. Lindemuthianum was affected by the essential oil of Er. Canadensis.     

Steady-state shear characteristics ofAspergillus niger broths

It can be difficult to obtain reliable rheological data for filamentous fermentation broths using conventional instruments. One common approach is to measure the torque drawn by an impeller rotating in the suspension (1–7). Many previous workers have assumed that the applicable shear rate in such a device is related to the impeller speed by a fluid-independent constant determined by calibration with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (1–9). The rheology ofAspergillus niger broths have been characterized using the impeller viscometer approach. The changes in the broth rheology were measured, and used to interpret the growth of biomass and the evolution of the microorganism morphology.     

Fatty-acid composition of certain species of marine mycelial fungi

The fatty-acid composition of seven strains of marine mycelial fungi was studied. GC and GC—MS showed that marine fungi of the genus Penicillium synthesized fatty-acid mixtures of saturated and unsaturated acids of similar compositions with different percent contents. Fatty-acid profiles of fungi associated with holothuria Chiridota ochotensis were characterized for the first time. Producers of branched 15:0 and dichloro- and cyclopropane-containing acids were observed. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 18–20, January-February, 2009.     

A new approach to improving the performance ofZymomonas in continuous ethanol fermentations

Although most fermentation ethanol is currently produced in traditional batch processes with yeast, the ethanologenic bacteriumZymomonas mobilis is recognized as an alternative process organism for fuel alcohol production. Different strategies for improving the productivity of ethanol fermentations are reviewed. In batch and open-type continuous fermentations the advantage of replacing yeast byZymomonas relates principally to the 10% higher fermentation efficiency (product yield), whereas in high cell density, closed-type continuous systems (operating with cell recycle or retention) the superior kinetic properties ofZymomonas can be exploited to affect about a five-fold improvement in volumetric productivity. Unlike yeast, the rate of energy supply (conversion of glucose to ethanol) inZymomonas is not strictly regulated by the energy demand and a nongrowing culture exhibits a maintenance energy coefficient that is at least 25 times higher than yeast. As an alternative to process improvement through genetic engineering of the process organism this investigation has taken a biochemical and physiological approach to increasing the kinetic performance ofZ. mobilis through manipulation and control of the chemical environment. Energetically “uncoupled” phenotypes with markedly increased specific rates of ethanol production were generated under conditions of nutritional limitation (nitrogen, phosphate, or potassium) in steady-state continuous culture. The pH was shown to influence energy coupling inZymomonas affecting the maintenance coefficient (m _e ) rather than the max growth yield coefficient (Y _x ^sάx ). Whereas the pH for optimal growth ofZ. mobilis (ATCC 29191) in a complex medium was 6.0–6.5, the specific rate of ethanol production in continuous fermentations was maximal in the range 4.0–4.5. Fermentation conditions are specified for maximizing the specific productivity of aZymomonas-based continuous ethanol fermentation where the potential exists for improving the volumetric productivity in dense culture fermentations with an associated 35–40% reduction in capital costs of fermentation equipment and an estimated savings of 10–15% on cost of product recovery (distillation), and 3–7% on overall production costs based on the projected use of inexpensive feedstocks.     

Bioactivity and Mycochemical Profile of Extracts from Mycelial Cultures of Ganoderma spp.

Fungal mycelium cultures are an alternative to natural sources in order to obtain valuable research materials. They also enable constant control and adaptation of the process, thereby leading to increased biomass growth and accumulation of bioactive metabolites. The present study aims to assess the biosynthetic potential of mycelial cultures of six Ganoderma species: G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. carnosum, G. lucidum, G. pfeifferi, and G. resinaceum. The presence of phenolic acids, amino acids, indole compounds, sterols, and kojic acid in biomass extracts was determined by HPLC. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the extracts and their effects on the inhibition of selected enzymes (tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase) were also evaluated. The total content of phenolic acids in the extracts ranged from 5.8 (G. carnosum) to 114.07 mg/100 g dry weight (d.w.) (G. pfeifferi). The total content of indole compounds in the extracts ranged from 3.03 (G. carnosum) to 11.56 mg/100 g d.w. (G. lucidum) and that of ergosterol ranged from 28.15 (G. applanatum) to 74.78 mg/100 g d.w. (G. adspersum). Kojic acid was found in the extracts of G. applanatum and G. lucidum. The tested extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. The results suggest that the analyzed mycelial cultures are promising candidates for the development of new dietary supplements or pharmaceutical preparations.     

Competitive continuous fermentations with selective recycle

An inclined settler is used to partially separate desired cells from undesired cells in the product stream of a competitive continuous fermentation on the basis of differences in sedimentation velocities owing to differences in floc-forming capabilities. A stream that is enriched in the desired cells is then selectively recycled to the bioreactor. Experiments with nonsegregating yeast cultures and segregating bacterial cultures have demonstrated that maintenance of the slower-growing strains is achievable using selective recycle, whereas washout of these strains by the faster-growing competing strains occurs in the absence of selective recycle. These results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.     

黑盖木层孔菌菌丝体多糖的提取、纯化及活性研究

从黑盖木层孔菌发酵菌丝体中提取水溶性多糖(PNW).设计正交试验,优化PNW的最佳提取条件,结果表明:在提取温度为100℃的条件下,提取4次,浸提比为1∶30,浸提时间为2 h.PNW经醇沉分级,Sevag法脱蛋白,Sepharose CL-6B柱层析纯化得级分(PNWⅠ).高效液相色谱分析表明PNWⅠ为单一级分,相对分子质量约为3.3×104.气相色谱分析PNWⅠ的单糖组成为:岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,其物质的量比为1.00∶0.81∶5.22∶7.11∶2.64.初步考察了PNW和PNWⅠ对小鼠体外淋巴细胞增值的影响,结果显示PNWⅠ在200μg/mL时对淋巴细胞有显著的促进增殖作用,PNW对淋巴细胞的增殖作用不显著.     

A new kinetic approach to the fermentation of multisubstrate complex media

Ethanol production from natural complex media has been studied in this work. A new kinetic approach is presented for two-substrate media, such as hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate, which predominantly consists of a mixture of xylose and glucose. It has been founded on the supposition that the whole ethanol production and biomass growth can be subdivided into two separated components imputable to glucose and xylose consumptions, respectively. A model describing the continuous fermentation in CSTR byPachysolen tannophilus has been also presented, and experimentally verified; it takes into account the different substrate consumption rates of these sugars contained in both natural and synthetic complex media.     

Optimised isolation of polysaccharides from Lentinula edodes strain NCBI JX915793 using response surface methodology and their antibacterial activities

Mycelial growth in a defined medium by submerged fermentation is a rapid and alternative method for obtaining fungal biomass of consistent quality. Biomass, exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) production were optimised by response surface methodology in Lentinula edodes strain LeS (NCBI JX915793). The optimised conditions were pH 5.0, temperature 26°C, incubation period of 25 days and agitation rate of 52 r/min for L. edodes strain LeS. Under the calculated optimal culture conditions, biomass production (5.88 mg mL^? 1), EPS production (0.40 mg mL^? 1) and IPS production (12.45 mg g^? 1) were in agreement with the predicted values for biomass (5.93 mg mL^? 1), EPS (0.55 mg mL^? 1) and IPS production (12.64 mg g^? 1). Crude lentinan exhibited highest antibacterial effects followed by alcoholic, crude and aqueous extracts. The results obtained may be useful for highly effective yield of biomass and bioactive metabolites.     

利用根霉菌发酵生产富马酸*

富马酸是一种重要的平台化合物和精细化学品,广泛应用于材料、医药、食品及饲料添加剂等领域,市场潜力巨大。利用可再生生物质为原料发酵生产富马酸符合当前社会对绿色环保、健康安全及可持续发展的总体需求。本文对发酵生产富马酸的常见根霉菌及其代谢机理进行了评述,并详细讨论了营养成分、菌体形态、pH控制及产物分离回收技术等对富马酸生产强度和生产成本的影响。随着科技的不断发展,应用各种新兴手段不断改良现有菌种及工艺,必将实现发酵法生产富马酸的大规模工业化。