Transport of Neutrally Buoyant and Dense Variably Sized Colloids in a Two-Dimensional Fracture with Anisotropic Aperture

The transport of monodisperse as well as polydisperse colloid suspensions in a two-dimensional, water saturated fracture with spatially variable and anisotropic aperture is investigated with a particle tracking model. Both neutrally buoyant and dense colloid suspensions are considered. Although flow and transport in fractured subsurface formations have been studied extensively by numerous investigators, the transport of dense, polydisperse colloid suspensions in a fracture with spatially variable and anisotropic aperture has not been previously explored. Simulated snapshots and breakthrough curves of ensemble averages of several realizations of a log-normally distributed aperture field show that polydisperse colloids exhibit greater spreading than monodisperse colloids, and dense colloids show greater retardation than neutrally buoyant colloids. Moreover, it is demonstrated that aperture anisotropy oriented along the flow direction substantially increases colloid spreading; whereas, aperture anisotropy oriented transverse to the flow direction retards colloid movement.     

蒸馏沉淀聚合过程中交联度对单分散聚合物微球形成的影响书

以苯乙烯为单体、二乙烯基苯（DVB）为交联剂，过氧化二苯甲酰（BPO）为引发剂研究了蒸馏沉淀聚合法制备聚合物微球过程中交联单体二乙烯苯的用量对单分散聚合物微球成球的影响。结果表明，增加二乙烯基苯的比例，即提高交联度有利于形成单分散的聚合物微球。     

窄分布聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的合成与表征

甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的阴离子聚合,由于其聚合反应的特殊性和复杂性,早就引起人们的关注。长期以来,在各种引发剂、溶剂和温度等条件下都做了大量的研究。其中有关窄分布聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)合成方面的研究甚少。Anderson等用     

Production of micron-sized monodispersed composite polymer particles by seeded polymerization utilizing the dynamic swelling method

 In order to develop the seeded polymerization technique utilizing the dynamic swelling method (DSM) proposed by authors for the production of micron-sized mono-dispersed “composite” polymer particles consisting of two kinds of polymers, the seeded polymerization for the dispersion of ethyl methacry-late (EMA)-swollen PS particles prepared utilizing DSM was carried out. Monodispersed PS/poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) composite particles having 7 μm in diameter were produced by the addition of NaCl to lower the solubility of EMA in medium and by the addition of CuCl₂ as a water-soluble inhibitor to depress the by-production of submicron-sized PEMA particles. Received: 16 July 1996 Accepted: 10 October 1996     

An effective cross-linking of polymer layer on monodisperse, poly(maleic anhydride-styrene)-modified colloidal silica particles and properties of the composite

Summary  The cross-linkings of the surface polymer layer on mono disperse, poly(maleic anhydride-styrene)-modified silica particles by the reaction with diisocyanate were studied. The extent of cross-linking was estimated by the weight decrease by immersing the particles in the buffer solution of pH 2.0, 4.0 and 9.0 at a room temperature for 24 h. The reaction of the polymer-modified silica with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane afforded relatively stable composite particles which lost less than 5 wt% of the polymer in aqueous solution in the pH range 2.0–9.0. The diisocyanate was a preferable cross-linker to 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene in terms of stability in acidic or basic aqueous solution. The flexibility of the cross-linker molecule possibly plays an important role in the cross-linking reaction. The carboxyl and amino groups were formed by treating the cross-linked composite particles with diluted HCl solution; 5–6 and 0.5–1.1 μmol g^-1, respectively. The cross-linked composite particles exhibited the characteristic property of ζ-potential, −44 to −47 mV and −102 to −107 mV in a neutral aqueous solution and ethanol, respectively. Received: 26 May 1997 Accepted: 4 August 1997     

Synthesis and characterization of polymethacrylates containing conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s as side chains

In order to form suitable systems designed for resonance energy transfer, a series of monodisperse methacrylate‐based monomers containing rigid π‐conjugated oligo(phenylene ethynylenes) with different sizes of the conjugated systems ( M1 – M3 ), and therefore different optoelectronic properties, were synthesized and subsequently polymerized using the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization technique ( P1 – P3 ). In addition, these oligomers were also copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. The obtained polymers were characterized by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and analytical ultracentrifugation. The photophysical properties of the polymers were studied by UV–vis absorption and emission spectroscopy in diluted solutions as well as in thin films and compared to the photophysics of the corresponding monomers. Thereby, changes going from monomeric to polymeric systems could be detected in fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes pointing to energy trapping, e.g., energy transfer. Donor–acceptor copolymers containing different numbers of monomeric units within the side chain exhibit differences in the emission spectra, indicating that energy trapping in polymers is very sensitive to structural properties such as the chain length. UV–vis absorption spectroscopy as well as time‐resolved lifetime studies indicate intrapolymer and interpolymer energy transfer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Synthesis of highly monodisperse quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads by impregnation and precipitation techniques

A novel approach to the synthesis of highly monodisperse quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads by combining impregnation and precipitation techniques was reported. The monodisperse poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) beads were first synthesized by dispersion polymerization. Then, the PGMA beads were chemically modified to generate carboxyl groups, and impregnation of cadmium ions (Cd²⁺) inside the beads. Subsequently, the cadmium ions were reacted with thioacetamide to form cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots within the polymer beads. The morphology, structure, and properties of CdS quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope, fluorescence spectrophotometer, fluorescence microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the CdS quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads had an average size of 1.4 μm, and were highly monodisperse. More interestingly, the CdS quantum dots distributed evenly within the polymer beads, which provide very strong fluorescence intensity. The existence of carboxyl groups on the quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads was measured quantitatively, and was found to be 0.2 mmol/g. These CdS quantum dot‐loaded polymer beads involving functional carboxyl groups would have potential applications in biological immunoassay and photoelectronic fields. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Synthesis of Latex Particles with Surface Functional Groups and Their Applications for the Fabrication of Porous Materials

In this study, monodisperse latex particles with specific surface functional groups were synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization. Amidine or carboxylated polystyrene nanospheres with narrow size distribution were prepared by emulsion polymerization using AIBA (α,α′-zodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride) as amine-containing initiator or acrylic acid as carboxyl-containing comonomer, respectively. Factors affecting the particle size and distribution were systemically studied by changing the amount of initiator or monomer, the polymerization temperature, and the stirring speed of emulsion polymerization reactor. Monodisperse polymethylmethacrylate beads were also synthesized by soapless emulsion polymerization using methacrylic acid or aminoethylmethacrylate hydrogen hydrochloride as comonomer for the surface functionalization of the particles. As applications of the latex beads, the polymeric particles were adopted as templating materials for the fabrication of macroporous titania film and meso-macroporous silica particles by colloidal templating method.     

Heat-Induced Formation of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles in Different Conditions

We investigate the preparation of nearly monodisperse gold nanoparticles by heat treatment in different conditions. The effects of various solvents, heating temperature, and heating time length on the monodispersity of gold nanoparticles were studied systematically and a general route to generate gold nanoparticles with uniform size was determined. The first step was to prepare gold nanoparticles with less than 3 nm and the following operation was to heat the gold nanoparticles in the present of thiolated solvents where monodispersed gold nanoparticles could be obtained easily. Our approach has enriched synthesis of monodisperse gold nanoparticles, and may provide some valuable experimental data about how the heating process affects the size evolution of gold nanoparticles.     

Preparation of monodispersed polymer-modified colloidal silica particles of less than 50 nm diameter

The preparation of monodisperse, ultrafine polymermodified colloidal silica, 11 or 42 nm in diameter, were studied. The reaction of the colloidal silica with polymeric silane coupler in 1,2-dimethoxyethane and removal of the unreacted polymer with granular silica gel (10–20 mesh) in acetone gave a suspension of monodisperse composite particles.