Preparation of rhodium–phyllosilicate catalysts without leaching in liquid-phase 1-hexene hydrogenation

Rhodium catalysts have been prepared on palygorskite and montmorillonite (clay) supports by reduction with hydrogen (1 atmosphere) at room temperature of a cationic organometallic rhodium compound anchored to the support. The activity of these catalysts for the hydrogenation of liquid-phase 1-hexene remains constant with increase of prehydrogenation time and with re-use for several runs. No rhodium leaching is observed.     

An experimental study on the kinetics of leaching for the preparation of a Raney-silver catalyst

A Raney-Ag catalyst was prepared by leaching out aluminium from a Raney Ag-Al alloy with NaOH solution. The kinetics of leaching has been investigated in a stirred-batch-reactor at various temperatures by using alloy particles of different sizes. The kinetic model best fitting the experimental results has been determined. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of thermo-electrochemistry to simultaneous leaching of sphalerite and MnO2

In order to enhance the electrogenerative leaching rate of sphalerite reasonably, the basic principle of generative process was applied to the simultaneous leaching of sphalerite in the presence of MnO₂. It was confirmed by experimental results that both mental ions and electric energy could be obtained in the simultaneous electrogenerative leaching process. The leaching cell had the open circuit potential about 1.0 V, about 2000 C of electric quantity was obtained, the optimal leaching ratio of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ was 48.5, 39.6% respectively, after electrogenerative leaching for 11 h.     

Inhibition of Pb-Leaching from Lead Crystal Glass by Coating with Films Prepared by the Sol-Gel Method

The chemical durability of lead glass tumblers (24% PbO) in a 4% (v/v) acetic acid solution before and after coating with sol-gel derived SiO2 films was assessed to determine the extent of reduction in Pb-leaching that can be achieved. It was found that by coating the internal surface of the glass tumblers with 1 ml of 10% TEOS solutions at 100°C and densifying the coating formed at 500°C for 1 h, it was possible to reduce Pb-leaching to about one quarter of that of the uncoated glass.     

海泡石制备HMS和AlSBA介孔分子筛的研究

通过酸浸和模板合成处理，海泡石直接合成有序介孔二氧化硅和含铝的介孔二氧化硅. 海泡石用盐酸处理后120 ℃下在NaOH溶液中处理72 h, 得到具有HMS结构特征的介孔分子筛；在含铝的碱性溶液中处理后得到具有AlSBA结构的介孔分子筛. 并用SAXRD、BET、TPD表征了介孔分子筛的物相结构、比表面积、孔径分布和表面酸性. 两种介孔分子筛的比表面积分别为508 m2•g^-1和946 m2•g^-1，孔径分别为3.4 nm和3.9 nm，且孔径分布窄. NH3-TPD结果表明分子筛表面都有两个酸中心，随着Al原子的引入，表面酸性增强.     

FIA-ICP/AES法分析茶叶浸取液中多元素的形态

本文报道了分析茶叶浸取液中[Zn、Mn、Fe、Al及Mg]形态的新方法。研究了以C-18柱为分离柱的流动注射与ICP/AES的联用技术。     

Degradation-fragmentation of marine plastic waste and their environmental implications: A critical review

This review critically evaluates the plastic accumulation challenges and their environmental (primarily) and human (secondarily) impacts. It also emphasizes on their degradation and fragmentation phenomena under marine conditions. In addition, it takes into account the leachability of the various chemical substances (additives) embedded in plastic products to improve their polymeric properties and extend their life. Regardless of their effectiveness in enhancing the polymeric function of plastic products, these additives can potentially contaminate air, soil, food, and water. Several findings have shown that, regardless of their types and sizes, plastics can be degraded and/or fragmented under marine conditions. Therefore, the estimation of fragmentation and degradation rates via a reliable developed model is required to better understand the marine environmental status. The main parameter, which is responsible for initiating the fragmentation of plastics, is sunlight/UV radiation. Yet, UV- radiation alone is not enough to fragment some plastic polymer types under marine conditions, additional factors are needed such as mechanical abrasion. It should be also mentioned that most current studies on plastic degradation and fragmentation centered on the primary stages of degradation. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand these phenomena and to identify their fate and environmental effects.     

Indirect determination of soluble trace elements in certified reference materials by neutron activation analysis

Since 1983 we have analyzedaqua regia extracts from environmental reference materials of 5 different soils and 4 different sludges by neutron activation analysis. Aqua regia as such is not accepted for irradiation in a nuclear reactor, and therefore the solution has to be evaporated to dryness, mixed and dried to constant weight before an aliquot can be taken and subjected to instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Results for leachable Cr and Zn were found to display greater variability than results for total contents of these elements, and the reasons for this will be discussed.For the 1994 certification campaign for one soil and two sludges we have chosen to determine the total content of trace elements in these reference materials by INAA before and afteraqua regia leaching. The leachable contents are then found indirectly as a difference between the two results; in this way we eliminate the sources of uncertainty associated with the drying and handling of theaqua regia extracts, and we reduce the contributions from counting statistics.     

Application of ultrasound-assisted acid leaching procedures for major and trace elements determination in edible seaweed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry

A new method using diluted reagents (nitric and hydrochloric acids and oxygen peroxide) and ultrasound energy to assist metals acid leaching with from edible seaweed was optimized. The method uses a first sonication at high temperature with hydrochloric acid as a previous stage to an ultrasound-assisted acid leaching with 7 ml of an acid solution containing nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 3.7, 3.0 and 3.0 M, respectively. Optimum conditions for the first sonication step were ultrasound energy at 17 kHz, sonication temperature at 65 °C, an acid volume of 2 ml, an hydrochloric acid concentration of 6.0 M and a sonication time of 10 min. It has been found that the first sonication stage at high temperature with hydrochloric acid is necessary to obtain quantitative recoveries for As, Ba, Fe and V. Otherwise quantitative recoveries were reached for the other elements investigated (Ca, K, Na, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The repeatability of the ultrasound-assisted acid leaching method was around 10% for all elements. Adequate limit of detection and limit of quantification were reached by using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for measurements. The method resulted accurate after analysing several seaweed certified reference materials (IAEA-140/TM, NIES-03 and NIES-09). The method was finally applied to the multi-element determination in edible seaweed samples.     

Chemical Characterization of Silage Effluents and their Influence on Soil Bound Heavy Metals

Abstract

Silage effluents, generated during silaging of various crops, are produced in high amounts in cattle breeding farms. Due to their acidity and high content of dissolved organic matter, they are causing disposal problems. On the other hand, their ability to mobilise soil bound trace elements (i.e. heavy metals) might be useful for the decontamination of polluted soils.

With an aim to perform metal leaching studies, silage effluents from various ensiled crops (maize, rape, grass, clover, sugar-beet leaves) were collected from Bavarian farms and analysed for their main inorganic and organic constituents. Important TOC sources (TOC concentrations from 13.9 to 53.6 gl^?1) are short chain aliphatic acids (concentrations between 235 and 638 mM·D1^?1; predominant compound: lactic acid), amino acids (ranging from 22.8 to 151 mM·D1^?1) and polypeptides (concentrations from 3.8 to 20.0 g·D1^?1).

The release of heavy metals from two adsorbents (bentonite and peat) and from a polluted soil under the influence of silage effluents was studied in batch tests. The leaching efficiencies for the soil bound metals increase following the order: sugar-beet leaves < clover < maize < rape < grass. The extraction rates obtained with grass silage juice are: Cd 74.7%, Zn 55.7%, Cu 53.5%, Ni 38.9%, Cr 12.7% and Pb 8.9%. After neutralisation the leaching rates dropped, with the exception of copper.