Pareto analysis of supply chain contracts under satisficing objectives

Supply chain coordination has become critical to firms as increased pressure is placed on them to improve performance. We evaluate the performance of Push, Pull, and Advance-purchase discount (APD) contracts in a manufacturer-retailer supply chain where one or both firms have a satisficing objective of maximizing the probability of achieving a target profit. We identify the resulting operational modes of the supply chain and potential conflicts over the preferred contracts under the Push, Pull, and APD contracts. When both firms are satisficing, conflict over the preferred contract arises when the manufacturer has an ambitious profit target or the retailer has a low profit target. We show that the Push contract can result in a large decrease in the expected profit of a risk-neutral manufacturer when the retailer maximizes the probability of achieving her maximum expected profit. We find that a modified buy-back and profit guarantee contracts can provide significant Pareto improvement over Push or APD contracts when the manufacturer is risk-neutral and the retailer is satisficing, while revenue-sharing contracts cannot. In contrast, revenue sharing and modified buy-back contracts are Pareto dominant under certain conditions when the manufacturer is satisficing and the retailer is risk-neutral.     

Modeling nonlinear optics of nanosystems with sum-over-states model

Three-stage strategies (ladder rule, few state model (FSM), and parallelization) were proposed to improve the computational efficiency of the sum-over-states (SOS) model in nonlinear optics (NLO) modeling. Ladder rule decomposes NLO coefficients of the nth state into the (n-1)th term and the contribution from the (n-1)th to the nth state without loss of rigor in theory. FSM singles out the states with substantial contribution to NLO. Those strategies are universal to all (including revised and simplified) SOS models. The computing cost reduces roughly to C/(n(i-1)) (C is a constant and i is the rank (order) of the NLO coefficients).     

果蔬中54种农药残留的QuEChERS/GC-MS快速分析

对QuEChERS农药多残留同时分析方法进行了样品提取及净化方面的改进,提高了方法的灵敏度和基质的净化效果,将改进后的方法结合GC-MS应用于果蔬中包括有机磷、有机氯、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类等在内的54种农药的检测,检出限在3～25 μg/kg之间,当添加含量在0.05～1.0 mg/kg范围内时,回收率在65%～120%之间,相对标准偏差4%～14%.实验表明,改进后的方法用于果蔬中多种农药残留的快速同时分析,效果理想.     

Stein-type improvements of confidence intervals for the generalized variance

Based on independent random matices X: p×m and S: p×p distributed, respectively, as N _pm (, I _m ) and W _p (n, ) with unknown and np, the problem of obtaining confidence interval for || is considered. Stein's idea of improving the best affine equivariant point estimator of || has been adapted to the interval estimation problem. It is shown that an interval estimator of the form |S|(b ^–1, a ^–1) can be improved by min{|S|, c|S +XX'|}(b ^–1, a ^–1) for a certain constant c depending on (a, b).     

Precautionary paying for stochastic improvements under background risks

In a two-dimensional framework, we propose a general two-period decision model which extends the temporal precautionary saving and effort model. We relate the role of cross-prudence to the impact of background risks on paying for stochastic improvements of the future risk. We find that the effect of background risks introduced in the first period is consistent to signing cross derivatives of bivariate utility functions, which is independent of the type of stochastic improvements brought by additional paying; however, when the background risk occurs in the second period, that is not the case.     

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS: THE EFFECT OF CHANGING MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOR

Abstract The paper assesses the welfare effects of biotechnological progress, as exemplified by tree improvements, using a partial equilibrium model. Timber demand is assumed to be stochastic and the distributions of its coefficients known. The coefficients of a log‐linear supply function are determined by maximizing the expected present value of the total surplus of timber production, both in the presence and in the absence of genetically improved regeneration materials. The supply functions are then used to estimate the expected present values of the total surplus in different cases through simulation. These estimates enable us to assess the direct effect and the effect of changing harvest behavior on the expected present value of the total surplus. The main results of the study are (i) the presence of genetically improved regeneration materials has significant impacts on the aggregate timber supply function; (ii) the application of genetically improved regeneration materials leads to a significant increase in the expected present value of the total surplus; and (iii) a considerable proportion of the welfare gain results from the change in harvest behavior. A conclusion we draw from this study is that ignoring the influences of technological and policy changes on behavior can lead to significantly biased welfare estimates. We view the model as a potential approach to conducting counterfactual policy comparisons in economics without forward‐looking data.     

基于正交实验的实验室脱水制乙烯实验改进

设计装置简单、操作简便、安全性高、现象明显、高效高产的实验室脱水制乙烯实验。并以乙醇的用量、反应火候、乙醇与火焰的距离为变量,设计正交实验,在保障产率的同时,探究实验室脱水制乙烯新方案的最佳演示实验效果。     

Generalized linear models for the analysis of taguchi-type experiments

Recent interest in Taguchi's methods have led to developments in joint analysis of the mean and dispersion from designed experiments. A commonly used method is the analysis of variance of the transformed data. However, a single transformation cannot necessarily produce the Normality, constancy of variance and linearity of systematic effects for the mean and dispersion models. We describe the use of generalized linear models for the analysis of such experiments and illustrate the methods with a data set.     

基于改进的T型关联度和AHP的一种新评价模型

首先,对灰色T型关联度进行改进,弥补了其中的不足,通过实例验证,得到了较好的结果,同时展现了改进T型关联度模型的可信度,充分说明其具有广泛的应用价值.其次,将其改进的T型关联度与AHP相结合,构造了一种新的综合评价得分模型,可以反映事物的动态优劣变化,通过具体实例,说明了综合评价得分模型的可行性.     

Reverse detection for spectral width improvements in spatially encoded dimensions of ultrafast two‐dimensional NMR spectra

Recently, the spatially encoded technique has been broadly used in the fast analyses of chemical systems and real‐time detections of chemical reactions. In spatially encoded ultrafast 2D spectra, spectral widths and resolution in spatially encoded dimensions are contradictive, leading to the risk of insufficient spectral widths when providing satisfactory resolution values for all resonances. Here, a method named as reverse detection is proposed to improve the spectral width in the spatially encoded dimension. Experimental results show that spectral width improvements are at least twofold with reverse detection solely, and more improvements can be expected along with the gradient‐controlled folding method. The proposed method can be applied to almost any spatially encoded scheme with echo planar spectroscopic imaging—like detection module and may promote wide applications of ultrafast 2D spectroscopy techniques in chemical analyses. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.