转基因棉花残体土壤降解特征的红外光谱研究

采用重铬酸钾容量法和红外光谱(FTIR)法分析了转基因抗虫棉花残体降解后的土壤腐殖质组分富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(HM)的含量和结构特征.结果表明,棉花残体的降解使土壤各腐殖质组分含量增加,胡敏素的相对含量增加最大,胡敏酸次之,富里酸最小.与相应非转基因对照相比,转Bt基因棉花残体处理土壤各腐殖质组分含量...     

高效液相色谱法分析天然饮水中的腐植质

In this work,we developed an HPLC method and designed a novel program to analyse the humus in natu-ral drinking water,which includes emichment in small column,elution with methanol-water and HPLC quali-tative and quantitative determination with standard compound.At the same time, we presernt the analyticaldata of about 80 naturd drinking water samples from Shanxi,Yunnan and Heilongjiang provinces.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定绿色食品农田腐殖土中的铅、铬、镉

提出了用石墨炉原子吸收法测定绿色食品农田腐殖土中Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｄ以ＰｄＣｌ２和ＮＨ４Ｈ２ＰＯ４作为基体改进剂,经国家标准物质测定证明本法可行。     

有机无机肥配施黑土胡敏酸结构光谱学特征

土壤有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,在土壤肥力、环境保护、农业可持续发展等方面都具有重要作用。腐殖质作为土壤有机质的主体,对土壤的一系列性质和形态产生影响,其数量、组成和性质可以反映一定的成土条件和过程,是土壤肥力的重要指标。由于腐殖质分子组成的不确定性,各种方法均存在一定的局限性,优化寻求更为准确可靠的腐殖酸表征方法已成为当前研究的热点。施肥方式改变土壤中胡敏酸的组成与结构,但短期的影响程度难以用常规的测定技术检测出来。利用38年的黑土长期定位试验,通过腐殖质组分HA的分离和纯化,多种光谱分析方法的联合应用,从物质结构的角度分析土壤中单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施对黑土HA有机化合物的分子结构变化的影响。分析显示,M和MNPK施肥处理较CK处理均可提高土壤有机碳和HA含量,增加土壤中HA的总反应热、中温放热值、2920/1720值、脂族C含量、f450/500值,表明单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施后土壤HA芳构化程度降低,脂族含量增加,结合简单化,但M施肥处理增加幅度小于MNPK施肥处理。分析结果表明：多种光谱技术的联合应用,可以相互认证其结果的准确性。同时试验结果也证明有机无机肥配施较单施有机肥,更能提高土壤有机碳和土壤HA的脂族C含量,增加作物产量,培肥地力。     

Determination of carbon in soil by laser spectral analysis

We have used a combination laser/electrospark method for fast determination of carbon content in soil. Excitation of the spectra is carried out both directly in a laser ablation plume and when a pulsed electric discharge is applied to it. We have plotted a calibration curve that is linear for the major concentration range of practical importance for the analyte element, all the way up to 8.6%. The carbon detection limit for the combination discharge approach is 0.07%. We have analyzed the ratio of the nitrogen and carbon contents, and also the hydrogen and carbon contents as a function of the carbon concentration in the studied soils samples. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 262–268, March–April, 2008.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定绿色食品农田腐殖土中的铅、铬、镉

提出了用石墨炉原子吸收法测定绿色食品农田腐殖土中Pb、Cr、Cd ,以PdCl2 和NH4H2 PO4作为基体改进剂 ,经国家标准物质测定证明本法可行 .     

锑胁迫下腐殖质对头花蓼体内锑形态及生化特性影响

锑(Sb)是一种无延展性的有色金属,具有潜在毒性和致癌性,对心血管、呼吸系统和肝脏等都会造成危害。并且,随着近几年锑资源的持续开发,土壤中的Sb污染被广泛关注。腐殖质具有复杂结构并包含有羧基、醇羟基等多种活性官能团,对重金属在土壤中的形态转化、迁移能力以及生物可利用性具有重要影响。头花蓼作为民间常用草药并且也是贵州省特色苗药,在土壤Sb背景值极高的独山锑矿区不仅能大量生长,并且在其体内Sb含量远高于其他未受污染的陆生植物时,仍然可以表现出良好的生长状态。为了探究腐殖质对独山矿区内Sb污染土壤中头花蓼植物有效性的影响。选取贵州省独山县东峰Sb区附近Sb污染土壤与头花蓼种子作为试验样品,通过三种不同腐殖质富里酸、胡敏素、胡敏酸对Sb污染土壤进行30d的培育实验后种植头花蓼。结果表明：(1)腐殖质添加后使得头花蓼叶绿素总量整体呈现上升的趋势,加强了头花蓼光合作用。(2)头花蓼的逆境生理现象表现为：在低添加量下,胡敏素实验组与胡敏酸实验组中丙二醛含量下降,SOD酶活性升高,CAT酶活性下降;说明胡敏素和的胡敏酸在低添加量下能够有效缓解头花蓼所受到的Sb毒害;而高添加量富里酸对头花蓼有一定损害。(3)低添加量的胡敏酸能够有效缓解头花蓼植株所受到的重金属Sb、As、Cd、Cu胁迫。(4)相比于胡敏素和胡敏酸,富里酸更容易促进头花蓼体内残渣态Sb向更活跃的赋存形态转化;胡敏酸对头花蓼中的Sb赋存形态表现出了低浓度活化而高浓度钝化的现象;胡敏素则能够有效降低头花蓼体内Sb活性。     

Derivatization of Humic Compounds: An Analytical Approach for Bound Organic Residues

Abstract

Bound residues of pesticides and their metabolites are defined as being nonextractable with organic solvents, but partly extractable together with the humic matrix by NaOH or other solvents suitable to extract humic compounds. Recently, an improvement in humus extraction from soils was achieved upon derivatization of the organic matter with silylating reagents at room temperature. By this method 70–90% of the organic carbon or nitrogen either from soil or from humin became soluble in organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by means of ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The spectra were well resolved with signal-separation of less than 1 ppm. The extracted humic compounds were of rather low molecular weight, ranging from 300 to 4000 to 6000 d or more.

¹⁴C-labeled residues of pesticides or other xenobiotics found to be nonextractable after exhaustive organic solvent extraction became readily dissolved along with most of the humic matrix using this derivatization procedure. Between 60–80% of ¹⁴C anilazine residues or of ¹⁴C-labeled chlorinated phenols or anilines originating from both previously solvent extracted soil samples or from humin became solubilized in organic solvents.