环境与健康新杀手--电子垃圾

介绍了电子垃圾的概念、现状,对环境与健康的危害,电子垃圾的未来和对策。     

高中化学“电负性”的项目式教学*——甲醛的危害与去除

电负性是高中化学选择性必修课程“物质结构与性质”模块的重要概念。本课例采用“项目式教学”的方式,在对“甲醛的危害与去除”的分析、讨论与实验过程中,加深对电负性概念的理解,同时尝试利用电负性分析与预测物质的化学性质,体会电负性概念的使用价值。     

VOC的危害及回收与处理技术

介绍了挥发性有机化合物VOC的来源、种类及其危害,简述了包括冷凝、吸附、吸收、膜分离等回收技术和燃烧、低温等离子体、光催化降解、微生物净化等处理技术。     

海洋中的主要化学污染物及其危害

本文系统阐述了海洋中的主要污染物如重金属无机盐类、有机氯和有机磷类、石油烃类和放射性物质的来源与含量,介绍了这些化学污染物对海洋生态环境已造成和可能造成的危害,论述了由于海洋生态环境遭到破坏对人类的危害。     

基于可持续发展的生态环境的问题与对策

探讨了与生态环境相关的几个问题：大气污染,水资源短缺和水污染,近年来多发的“水华”,“赤潮”等水的富营养化问题以及乡镇企业对环境的影响,并提出了基于可持续发展的防治对策。     

铅对儿童生长发育智力行为的影响

综述了铅对儿童生长发育、智力行为的影响,阐明了铅的危害及其机理、生化、病理及在体内代谢过程和发病机理。以提高广大医务工作者对儿童铅中毒危害的健康教育指导和正确认识。及时采取切实可行的早期健康干预和有效的防治措施,达到保护儿童身心健康的目的。     

Moral responsibility for unprevented harm

That we are morally responsible for what we do willingly and knowingly is a commonplace. That our moral responsibility extends as far as to cover at least the intended consequences of our voluntary actions and perhaps also the ones we did not intend, but could or did foresee, is equally beyond dispute. But what about omissions? Are we, or can we be, (equally) morally responsible for the harm that has occured because we did not prevent it, even though we could have done so? Say, for all the enormous suffering, caused daily by famine, deprivation and curable diseases in the Third World countries?Moral intuitions and practices that one could consult in this matter seem to leave us in the dark. We regularly ascribe responsibility to people for harms resulting from their negligence or failure to fulfill professional duties. On the other hand, we tend to think that unless there is some evidence of the causal contribution that agents made to a harmful event and/or state, it is not really fair to blame it on them. And finally, to complicate things even more, most of us deny that omissions could effect anything (any change) in the world and consequently regard them as causally impotent (as well as possibly harmless).Most of the proposed solutions to this perplexing issue simply take negative moral responsibility for granted and then either try to revise our ordinary notion of causation accordingly or, alternatively, weaken the conditions for holding someone morally responsible. In the paper I present and defend the relative merits of the third approach, one sceptical of the notion of moral responsibility for the ‘outcomes’ of omissions. I try to show that for some identifiable core notion of moral responsibility and paradigmatic cases of omissions, the prospects for a happy marriage are rather slim.     

Paper spray mass spectrometry: A new drug checking tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis

Fentanyl and related psychoactive substances are at the forefront of the opioid overdose crisis, for which a complete solution is not immediately obvious. Drug testing for harm reduction may be an effective approach to both reduce overdoses and importantly, engage people who use drugs (PWUD) with the medical system. Paper spray mass spectrometry (PS‐MS) is an ambient ionization strategy that is uniquely suited to address this complicated analytical task. This perspectives article presents the merits of PS‐MS, with a focus upon the current state of its use as a candidate drug checking strategy for harm reduction. PS‐MS is inherently sensitive and selective, with detection limits in the picogram range. It requires small drug samples (~1 mg) for quantitative drug testing, critical to encourage pre‐consumption measurements by PWUD in the context of a harm reduction strategy. Calibrations obtained in surrogate drug matrices containing highly concentrated primary drugs demonstrate comparable sensitivities, a wide calibration range, and minimal matrix effects. PS‐MS can be interfaced with high‐resolution MS for non‐targeted analysis, allowing the identification of novel psychoactive substances as they appear in street drugs. Individual quantitative PS‐MS measurements for drug testing can be done in 1 minute or less, resulting in high sample throughput. Significant advancement in mass spectrometer miniaturization and mobilization has concomitant benefits for direct, on‐site drug checking, such as reduced cost, simplified maintenance and ease of use by less skilled operators. While PS‐MS technology continues to rapidly advance, it is our opinion that PS‐MS can be utilized as an effective tool for harm reduction in the opioid overdose crisis.     

城市新区犯罪数量与犯罪危害程度空间分异规律研究

立足新发展阶段,统筹平安和发展,建设更高水平的平安法治文明城市。以昆明市呈贡区为例,综合运用核密度估计法、犯罪集中度、空间自相关分析、标准差椭圆法等GIS方法,分析2015、2017、2019年的犯罪数量与犯罪危害程度空间分异规律。结果表明：（1）犯罪数量的空间格局以城市核心区集聚为主,高密度和较高密度集聚区主要分布于交通便捷、经济活动频繁、人员密集的老城区、商业中心及大学城周围居住区。犯罪危害程度在空间上形成龙城片区“单核心”的格局并未被打破,且高密度集聚区的空间分布与犯罪数量的空间分布相似,较高密度集聚区相对分散,较低密度集聚区渐呈“散点状”分布。（2）犯罪数量和犯罪危害程度均表现出显著的集中分布和空间集聚格局。二者空间集中差异逐渐加大,犯罪危害日趋集中的态势更强烈;空间集聚差异变化明显。（3）犯罪数量与犯罪危害程度热点区存在明显的空间分布差异,随新区建设的发展,各犯罪热点区逐渐破碎化。犯罪数量与犯罪危害程度热点重合区位于呈贡区中部,沿城市主干道和地铁线路分布;犯罪数量热点区分布于学校、医院及商业中心附近;犯罪危害程度热点区分布于城郊乡镇、城中村、工业园区、物流园区、施工工地等区域...     

沿海沉积营养物质对引发赤潮的潜在影响

从生物地球化学的角度阐述了引发赤潮的营养和环境控制因素,并在分析了赤潮藻的限制性营养元素(磷、氮、硅)和微量元素(铁、锰)环境地球化学行为的基础上,提出了沿海沉积营养元素的释放与赤潮之间的相关关系模式,同时指出了中国沿海近代沉积物中营养物的积累趋势及其对引发赤潮的潜在危害,这不仅为揭示赤潮发生机理开辟了新的研究方向,而且也为有效地防治赤潮危害提供了科学依据.