RDX分子内振动能量重分配的动力学研究

基于从头算分子动力学(Born-oppenheimer molecular dynamics, BOMD)模拟, 构建了环硝胺六氢-1,3,5-三硝基-1,3,5-三嗪(RDX)单分子不同振动模式之间的耦合矩阵, 并计算了在不同加载能量下从低频振动模式到高频振动模式的最优能量传输路径. 结果表明, RDX单分子中—NNO₂基团更有利于能量局域化, 振动模式v₃和v₄在从低频振动模式到高频振动模式的能量传输过程中扮演着重要角色. 通过对v₃和v₄两个振动模式的进一步分析发现, 加载能量的不同会导致RDX单分子能量传输路径的不同. 当加载能量较低时, RDX单分子倾向于从低频振动模式到中频振动模式再到高频振动模式的能量传输路径; 当加载能量较高时, 能量更倾向于从低频振动模式直接传输到高频振动模式上. 揭示了RDX分子内振动耦合能量转移的微观机制, 为进一步探索RDX将“机械能”转化为“化学能”的微观过程提供了理论基础.     

RDX/AMMO推进剂的分子动力学

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate well-known ener-getic material cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) crystal, 3-azidomethyl-3-methyloxetane (AMMO) and RDX/AMMO propellant. The results show that the binding energies on differ-ent crystalline surface of RDX changes in the order of (010)>(100)>(001). The interactions between RDX and AMMO have been analyzed by means of pair correlation functions. The mechanical properties of RDX/AMMO propellant, i.e. elastic coefficients, modulus, Cauchypressure, and Poisson's ratio, etc., have been obtained. It is found that mechanical properties are effectively improved by adding some amounts of AMMO polymers, and the overall effect of AMMO on three crystalline surfaces of RDX changes in the order of (100)>(010)>(001). The energetic properties of RDX/AMMO propellant have also been calculated and the results show that compared with the pure RDX crystal, the standard theoretical specific impulse of RDX/AMMO propellant decrease, but they are still superior to those of double base propellant.     

不同温度下HMX和RDX晶体的感度判别和力学性能预估分子动力学比较研究

为探讨和比较炸药黑索金(RDX)和奥克托今(HMX)晶体的结构、 能量和力学性质随温度的递变规律, 在COMPASS力场和NPT系综下, 对其合适的等原子数超晶胞模型分别进行5个温度(195, 245, 295, 345和395 K)下的分子动力学(MD)周期性模拟研究. 结果表明, 随着温度的升高, RDX和HMX晶体引发键N-NO₂的最大键长(L_max)的逐渐增大以及引发键连双原子作用能(E_N-N)和内聚能密度(CED)的逐渐减小均与感度随温度升高而增大的实验结果一致; 且在各温度下, RDX晶体的L_max均大于HMX晶体的L_max, 与HMX相比, RDX的E_N-N和CED均较小, 上述结果与RDX比HMX感度大的实验结果相符. 由此表明, 在一定条件下, L_max, E_N-N和CED可用于高能物质的热和撞击感度的相对大小的判别. 基于MD模拟原子运动轨迹, 用静态法求得2种晶体的弹性力学性能, 发现拉伸、 体积和剪切模量均随温度的升高而递减, 与实验结果一致.     

纳米Ag/CNTs复合材料的制备、表征及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用银镜法和水热法制备了两种纳米Ag/CNTs(碳纳米管)复合材料, 利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜及能量散射光谱仪(SEM-EDS)对复合物的物相、组成、形貌和结构进行分析表征, 并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料对环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)热分解特性的影响. 结果表明: 纳米Ag 以10-80 nm的不规则球形“粘附”于纳米CNTs 表面,分散较均匀, 水热法制得的复合物表面纳米Ag较大、且负载的Ag粒子较多; 纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料的加入改变了RDX的热分解过程, 使原有占主导的液相分解变为二次的气相反应加剧, RDX主分解峰形发生了明显的改变; 纳米Ag/CNTs 复合材料对RDX热分解的催化主要表现为分解温度的降低.     

纳米SnO2-CuO粉体的制备、表征及对环三次甲基三硝胺热分解的催化性能

复合纳米粒子;共沉淀法;热分解;纳米SnO2-CuO粉体的制备、表征及对环三次甲基三硝胺热分解的催化性能     

水样中痕量黑索今的快速质谱法检测

近年来,以RDX为代表的痕量爆炸物检测已经是反恐斗争和国土安全领域的重要课题[1]。本实验将醋酸作为辅助试剂直接添加到待分析水样中,采用电喷雾电离直接进样,在正离子检测模式下,建立了直接快速测定水样中衡量RDX的电喷雾质谱分析方法。在样品流量为10.0μL/m in,喷雾电压为5.0 kV,毛细管温度为200℃条件下获得的RDX的检出限为0.001μg/L,线性范围为0.005~100μg/L。对天然湖水、矿泉水和自来水中添加的衡量RDX的回收率分别在92%~108%之间。单个样品分析(含串联质谱分析)所需时间不超过2 m in。     

氧化锰纳米管及其超级铝热剂:制备及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用水热法制备了MnO₂纳米管,以其与纳米铝粉为原料,采用超声分散复合的方法,制备了超级铝热剂Al/MnO₂.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能量散射光谱仪(EDS)对产物的物相、组成、形貌和结构进行分析表征,并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了MnO₂纳米管及其超级铝热剂对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解特性的影响.结果表明,水热法制备的纳米MnO₂呈管状均匀分布,球形纳米Al与管状纳米MnO₂相互依附,分散较均匀;MnO₂纳米管及其超级铝热剂的加入均改变了环三亚甲基三硝胺的热分解行为及分解历程,使原有占主导的液相分解变为二次的气相反应加剧,使环三亚甲基三硝胺主分解峰形发生了明显的改变.     

氧化锰纳米管及其超级铝热剂:制备及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用水热法制备了MnO2纳米管,以其与纳米铝粉为原料,采用超声分散复合的方法,制备了超级铝热剂Al/MnO2。利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及能量散射光谱仪(EDS)对产物的物相、组成、形貌和结构进行分析表征,并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了MnO2纳米管及其超级铝热剂对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解特性的影响。结果表明,水热法制备的纳米MnO2呈管状均匀分布,球形纳米Al与管状纳米MnO2相互依附,分散较均匀;MnO2纳米管及其超级铝热剂的加入均改变了环三亚甲基三硝胺的热分解行为及分解历程,使原有占主导的液相分解变为二次的气相反应加剧,使环三亚甲基三硝胺主分解峰形发生了明显的改变。     

New energetic polynitro cyclic esters: ammonium, hydrazinium, and hydroxylammonim salts of polynitramines

Reaction of 2,2-dinitro-1,3-propanediol (1) with oxalyl dichloride or malonyl dichloride in refluxing ether led to the formation of cyclic dinitro-containing esters (2, 3) in very good yields. Compounds 2 and 3 were also isolated in similar yields by the treatment of 1 with oxalic acid or malonic acid in trifluoroacetic anhydride at room temperature. Nitration of 3 with fuming nitric acid resulted in the corresponding trinitro cyclic ester 4 in 70% isolated yield. Treatment of 1 with a large excess of methanolic ammonia gave impure 2,2-dinitro-1,3-diaminopropane (5). Polynitraamines, 7 and 11, were treated with aqueous ammonia, hydrazine monohydrate or hydroxylamine in methanol at room temperature to obtain their corresponding salts 8-10 and 12-14, respectively, in excellent isolated yields. All new compounds were characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (13)C, (15)N), DSC, and elemental analysis. Their energetic properties, such as impact sensitivity, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure were also determined and compared with existing energetic compounds, such as PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane), and TNT (trinitrotoluene).     

超级铝热剂Al/Fe2O3的制备、表征及对环三亚甲基三硝胺热分解的影响

采用水热法制备了中空短棒状纳米Fe2O3,并用超声分散法将其与纳米Al颗粒复合为单金属氧化基超级铝热剂.利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜及能量散射光谱仪(SEM-EDS)对样品进行表征.并运用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对比研究了超级铝热剂Al/Fe2O3、Al粉和纳米Fe2O3对环三亚甲基三硝胺(RDX)热分解特性的影响.结果表明:超级铝热剂的加入改变了RDX的热分解过程,并加剧了RDX的二次气相反应;随着超级铝热剂含量的增加,RDX的分解峰峰形发生了明显的改变;Al/Fe2O3、Al粉和Fe2O3对RDX热分解的作用主要表现为二次分解峰逐渐明显且峰温降低.