Fractionation of casein hydrolysates using polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fiber membranes

The objective of this study was to characterize the fractionation profile of casein hydrolysates obtained with polysulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes. The two-step ultrafiltration process developed by Turgeon and Gauthier [J. Food Sci., 55 (1990) 106] was used: a caseinate solution was submitted to proteolysis with chymotrypsin or trypsin, and the reaction mixture (RM) was subsequently ultrafiltered using a 30 kDa (MWCO) hollow-fiber polysulfone membrane. The total hydrolysate permeating from this first step was further fractionated using a 1 kDa (MWCO) membrane, producing the mixture of polypeptides (retentate) and the amino acid fraction (permeate). The effect of enzyme specificity and of membrane retentivitiy on the total composition (total nitrogen, fat, lactose, minerals) and amino acid profile of the fractions was studied. The overall composition of the fractions was not significantly affected by the nature of the enzyme but the degree of hydrolysis and the molecular weight distribution profile analyses showed a marked effect of the enzyme specificity, with trypsin giving a larger proportion of small peptides (< 200 Da) in the mixture of polypeptides. Amino acid profile analyses provided useful information on the phenomena governing the fractionation of amino acids with a polysulfone membrane: (1) the target amino acids of the enzyme are concentrated in the permeate as a result of their presence in all peptides produced by hydrolysis, (2) polar amino acids are retained by the membrane, (3) non-polar amino acids are not selectively rejected by the membrane. Our results suggest that the charge/hydrophobicity balance of the peptides produced is the predominant factor determining the fractionation of casein hydrolysates.     

应用胰凝乳蛋白酶消化法比较冬季和夏季鲢鱼肉肌球蛋白的构造特性

以夏季和冬季鲢为研究对象,利用胰凝乳蛋白酶能水解羧基端含芳香族氨基酸残基肽键的特性,根据其特异性酶切部位,结合电泳手段来分析肌球蛋白的内部构造差异性。结果表明,与夏季样品相比,冬季鲢的肌原纤维蛋白经酶切生成的肌球蛋白头部S-1较长,在高温下分子量为165 ku的重酶解肌球蛋白HMM容易被再降解成小片段的135 ku HMM,呈现出冬季肌球蛋白的结构不稳定性。在不同温度下加热夏季和冬季肌球蛋白,其ATPase失活速度和酶解肌球蛋白生成S-1的产生量的减少速度呈现一致性,说明酶解生成的S-1只来源于有活性的肌球蛋白。同时,冬季肌球蛋白热变性温度较夏季肌球蛋白要低6 ℃,表明冬季肌球蛋白的不稳定性。     

The use of a radiation inactivation method for characterization of the structure and catalytic properties of enzymes

The use of a radiation inactivation method for studies of the properties of enzymes of different classes is discussed. The possibilities of characterization of enzymes on the basis of the radiation-chemical parameters concerned are described.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No, 12, pp. 2828–2836, December, 1996.     

壳聚糖–精氨酸树脂固定化胰凝乳蛋白酶及其性质

以自制的多孔、具柔性亲水手臂的壳聚糖–精氨酸树脂为载体,戊二醛为交联剂固定胰凝乳蛋白酶,确定了酶与载体的最佳比例为20 mg酶/g湿树脂,交联剂的最佳用量为10 mL 1.0%戊二醛/1.5 g湿树脂,交联时间为60 min,所得固定化酶的活力回收率达68.95%。固定化胰凝乳蛋白酶的Km为8.36 mg/mL,比游离酶增大1.52倍,其酶促反应10 min达到最大速率,具有接近游离酶的催化时间进程曲线;其最适温度为70 ℃,比游离酶升高10 ℃;其最适pH值为5.92,比游离酶酸性偏移2个pH值。此外,固定化胰凝乳蛋白酶具有良好的热稳定性和贮存稳定性,75 ℃时的半衰期为8 h,4 ℃时的半衰期为46天。     

α‐Amino boronates as cyanoborane complexes: crystal structure and inhibition properties for the serine proteases: α‐chymotrypsin and trypsin

The first examples of α‐amino boronate complexes stabilized by amino cyanoborane complexation were tested as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, and they showed moderate inhibition. The structure of compound 1 that contains two different boron atoms reveals that the geometry around the boron atom in the cyano group is tetrahedral, whereas a trigonal planar geometry exists around the boron atom attached to two oxygen atoms and a carbon atom. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Systematic cyanobacterial membrane proteome analysis by combining acid hydrolysis and digestive enzymes with nano-liquid chromatography–Fourier transform mass spectrometry

The identification of membrane proteins is currently under-represented since the trans-membrane domains of membrane proteins have a hydrophobic property. Membrane proteins have mainly been analyzed by cleaving and identifying exposed hydrophilic domains. We developed the membrane proteomics method for targeting integral membrane proteins by the following sequential process: in-solution acid hydrolysis, reverse phase chromatographic separation, trypsin or chymotrypsin digestion and nano-liquid chromatography–Fourier transform mass spectrometry. When we employed total membrane proteins of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, 155 integral membrane proteins out of a predictable 706 were identified in a single application, corresponding to 22% of a genome. The combined methods of acid hydrolysis-trypsin (AT) and acid hydrolysis-chymotrypsin (AC) identified both hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains of integral membrane proteins, respectively. The systematic approach revealed a more concrete data in mapping the repertoire of cyanobacterial membrane and membrane-linked proteome.     

CdTe量子点对胰凝乳蛋白酶的荧光标记

用巯基丙酸作为表面修饰剂在水相中制备了稳定的CdTe纳米量子点.利用量子点外层包被的巯基丙酸上的羧基,实现了量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶的直接偶联.偶联后溶液的吸光度值略有增大而吸收峰位不变,同时荧光强度明显增强,荧光发射峰位稍有蓝移.通过荧光发射光谱确定了CdTe量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶偶联的最佳反应条件为:pH 9.0,反应温度37℃,反应时间1.5 h.重点考察了NaCl浓度和胰凝乳蛋白酶浓度对量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶偶联产物荧光强度的影响.     

Effects of Cyclodextrins on Chymotrypsin Action

Inhibition by cyclodextrins ofchymotrypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosineethyl ester (ATEE) and of N-succinyl-L-phenylalaninep-nitroanilide (SUPHEPA) was measured. Rates ofproteolysis are reduced by a factor of three tofour by a four-molar ratio of cyclodextrin tosubstrate, except for -cyclodextrin andSUPHEPA where the rate reduction is much less.The kinetics of inhibition, as well as NMR andUV measurements, were used to measureassociation constants between the cyclodextrinsand substrates. Agreement between these methodsconfirmed that inhibition by cyclodextrins isdue to steric effects at the substrate, ratherthan direct interaction with the enzyme.     

A new method for the evaluation of biodegradable plastic using coated cellulose paper

A highly sensitive analytical method for evaluation of poly(L-lactide) (PLA), poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) degradability was developed using coated cellulose paper, prepared by penetration and adhesion of these plastics into/onto the cellulose paper. Enzymatic degradability of the obtained plastic coated papers was evaluated using various commercial proteases and lipases. PLA coated paper was highly susceptible to subtilisin and mammalian enzymes, alpha-chymotrypsin, elastase and trypsin. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the degradation of PLA coated paper using subtilisin and mammalian enzymes. Almost all lipase preparations degraded PCL and PHB coated papers but not PBS coated paper. The biodegradability of plastic coated paper was greater than that of plastic powder. The penetration of plastic into cellulose paper by coating improved the plastic degradability, and can be regulated easily.