Nanomaterials in Cerebrovascular Disease Diagnose and Treatment

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the most serious diseases with high mortality and disability rates. The prevalent diagnosis and treatment methods of CVDs include imaging and interventional therapy. With the development of nanotechnology, large numbers of nanomaterials have been applied to the diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, mainly including carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, fullerenes, and dendrimers. In this review, the applications of nanomaterials in the field of diagnosis and treatment of CVDs, mainly including drug target delivery, imaging, therapy, endovascular treatment, and angiogenesis, are summarized. The applications of nanomaterials in the field of CVD are almost in the laboratory, and more effort is needed for clinical translation. The aim of this review is to provide useful information for future research and equipment development.     

心脑血管疾病与微量元素研究进展

心脑血管疾病发病日益增多的原因之一是机体缺乏人体必需微量元素,目前报道硒、锗、锌、钴、铜、锰、铬、钼、钒、镍等与心脑血管疾病有密切关系。用微量元素调控防治心脑血管疾病,目前是国内外研究的新课题,其目的是降低心脑血管疾病的死亡率和发病率,促进人类健康长寿。     

The Weight-Bearing Rate on the Paretic Limb of Cerebrovascular Hemiplegic Patients Necessary for an Independent Obstacle Negotiation Gait

Purpose: The obstacle negotiation gait (ONG) is a fundamental activity of daily living. In cerebrovascular hemiplegic patients (stroke patients), the weight-bearing rate (WBR) on the paretic limb necessary for an independent ONG was studied. Methods: One hundred and seventeen stroke patients were involved. The patients'' average age at the time of the study was 67 years, and the average time from stroke onset was 102 days. There were 68 men and 49 women. Seventy patients were right hemiplegics, and 47 were left hemiplegics. The correlations between ONG and age, sex, body mass index (BMI), time from stroke onset, muscle strength of both the paretic and non-paretic limbs, Brunnstrom stage of the lower limbs, deep sensation, and the WBR on both the paretic and non-paretic limbs were studied. Patients who could perform ONG independently and safely were categorized as the independent group (IG), and those who needed observation or any assistance were categorized as the dependent group (DG). Results: The BMI, muscle strength of both the paretic and non-paretic limbs, Brunnstrom stage of the lower limbs, deep sensation and the WBR for both the paretic and non-paretic limbs were significantly different between the IG and DG groups. In particular, the WBR on the paretic limb was found to correlate significantly with the ONG, and a WBR value of 80.5% on the paretic limb gave a clear cut-off value. Conclusion: Although multiple factors influenced the ONG of stroke patients, the WBR on the paretic limb was the most influential.     

治疗脑血管疾病中成药中钙铁铬铅含量的测定

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了十种治疗脑血管疾病的中成药中钙铁铬铅的含量。结果表明,该类中成药中微量元素铁的含量较高,微量元素铅含量较低,该结果为探讨钙铁铬铁元素与治疗脑血管疾病的中成药药效关系提供了有用的数据。     

原子吸收法对治疗心脑血管病的中成药中Pb,Cr,Cd的研究

心脑血管病是老年人的常见病、多发病,现已成为世界死亡的第一死因。本文采用Z-8000型偏振塞曼原子吸收分光光度仪,测定17种中成药Pb,Cr,Cd三个元素,并对镇脑宁、地奥心血康、利脑心、血栓心脉宁等13种治疗心脑血管病的中成药中Pb,Cr,Cd三个元素进行研究。结果表明,治疗心脑血管病的中成药中含有一定量的Pb,Cr,Cd,并且Pb,Cr,Cd与其功效有一定的关联。     

Monitoring the Evolution of Asynchrony between Mean Arterial Pressure and Mean Cerebral Blood Flow via Cross-Entropy Methods

Cerebrovascular control is carried out by multiple nonlinear mechanisms imposing a certain degree of coupling between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mean cerebral blood flow (MCBF). We explored the ability of two nonlinear tools in the information domain, namely cross-approximate entropy (CApEn) and cross-sample entropy (CSampEn), to assess the degree of asynchrony between the spontaneous fluctuations of MAP and MCBF. CApEn and CSampEn were computed as a function of the translation time. The analysis was carried out in 23 subjects undergoing recordings at rest in supine position (REST) and during active standing (STAND), before and after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). We found that at REST the degree of asynchrony raised, and the rate of increase in asynchrony with the translation time decreased after SAVR. These results are likely the consequence of the limited variability of MAP observed after surgery at REST, more than the consequence of a modified cerebrovascular control, given that the observed differences disappeared during STAND. CApEn and CSampEn can be utilized fruitfully in the context of the evaluation of cerebrovascular control via the noninvasive acquisition of the spontaneous MAP and MCBF variability.     

均值滤波算法研究

介绍了经典非局部均值滤波算法与Manjón非局部均值滤波算法,改进了非局部均值滤波方法的相似度权值,使算法在具有旋转平移不变性,保持时间复杂度的同时优化了视觉效果与信噪比。实验通过添加噪声标准差从10~100不等的高斯加性噪声,比较了改进后的算法与传统滤波算法以及Manjón非均值滤波算法,结果表明,改进后的算法无论从视觉上还是数值上都优于Manjón非均值滤波算法。     

面向脑血管分割的改进型非局部均值滤波算法研究

介绍了经典非局部均值滤波算法与Manjón非局部均值滤波算法,改进了非局部均值滤波方法的相似度权值,使算法在具有旋转平移不变性,保持时间复杂度的同时优化了视觉效果与信噪比。实验通过添加噪声标准差从10~100不等的高斯加性噪声,比较了改进后的算法与传统滤波算法以及Manjón非均值滤波算法,结果表明,改进后的算法无论从视觉上还是数值上都优于Manjón非均值滤波算法。     

Study of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by magnetic resonance perfusion weighted imaging and photoacoustic imaging

The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and MR imaging for evaluating the cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) in animal models. Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were used for MRI. BALB/c mice were used for PAI. MR perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) was performed on a 1.5-T whole-body MR system before and after oral administration of acetazolamide (ACZ). The region of interest (ROI) was chosen in the bilateral frontal lobe for measuring regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and mean transit time (MTT). The vessel diameters of the superficial layer of the cortex were measured by PAI in the resting and ACZ-activated mice. The results showed that there was a statistical difference between the resting and ACZ-activated animals in vessel diameter, rCBV and rCBF values. The increments in rCBV and rCBF of WKY rats between resting and ACZ test states were significantly higher than that of SHR. The pathological findings of small arterial walls and lumen of the brain were also different between WKY and SHR rats. The diameters of blood vessels in the superficial layer of the brain measured by PAI were enlarged after the ACZ tolerance test. This result was also observed in the MRI CBV map, where the signal of the vessel in the superficial layer of the cortex became redder after the ACZ stimulation, suggesting the increase of blood flow. It can be concluded that MR PWI and PAI combined with the ACZ test might be useful in evaluating the CVRC and revealing the pathologic changes in cerebral vessels.     

头发检测与疑难病诊断

综述了我国用头发诊断疑难病,包括恶性肿瘤、心脑血管疾病、尘肺的研究概况。20余年来,中国科技人员创造了4类利用头发微量元素谱诊断疾病的方法。18项研究报告表明,头发微量元素谱可将癌症病人与健康人正确区分开来,为临床癌症诊断奠定了坚实的实验基础,也为利用头发样本代替血液样本作人群癌症筛查提供了理论依据;11项研究结果表明,借助头发微量元素谱,可相当准确地判别待测样本的健康属性,可以诊断和预报疾病,可以筛选高危人群,对心脑血管病的早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有重要的潜在应用价值;9项研究结果证明,测量头发元素,建立判别方法,可以从待检样品准确诊断尘肺患者和找出尘肺高危人群,并可提早3～5年对尘肺的发生作出预报。实践表明,头发检测是疑难病筛查的一种简便、经济、实用、有效的新方法。