Synergistic Steric Effects in the Development of a Palladium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Carbohalogenation: Stereodivergent Synthesis of Vinyl Halides

We report our finding that by exploiting the synergistic steric effects between substrate and catalyst, an intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed alkyne carbohalogenation can be achieved. This operationally simple method uses the bulky Pd/Q‐Phos combination and allows access to tetrasubstituted vinyl halides from the corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides. Steric effects in the substrate play a key role by promoting C‐halogen reductive elimination and enabling catalytic turnover. Through a reversible oxidative addition mechanism, a thermodynamically driven isomerization reaction is observed at elevated temperatures. Thus by changing the reaction temperature, both stereoisomers of the reaction become readily accessible.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Aryliodination of Internal Alkynes

A completely atom economical palladium‐catalyzed addition reaction has been developed to stereoselectively access functionalized tetrasubstituted alkenyl iodides. The palladium catalyst, which bears an electron‐poor bidentate ligand rarely employed in catalysis, is essential to promote the high yielding and chemoselective intermolecular reaction between equimolar amounts of an alkyne and an aryl iodide. This new carbohalogenation reaction is an attractive alternative to traditional synthetic methods, which rely on multistep synthetic sequences and protecting‐group manipulations.     

钯催化有机卤化物与烷基炔的Heck型反应

烯烃的Heck反应经过几十年的发展已日趋成熟,但相应的钯催化有机卤化物与烷基炔的Heck反应生成联烯虽然有着原料简单易得的优点,但发展严重滞后。这一方面是由于活性中间体烯基钯自身难以发生β-H消除,导致其更容易发生质子化反应、碳卤化反应以及串联反应等竞争性反应,另一方面,联烯异构化以及非对称烷基炔的区域选择性问题同样限制了烷基炔Heck反应的研究进展。目前能高效促进烯基钯中间体β-H消除的方法主要有提高反应温度、芳基卤化合物引入取代基和改变配体等。本文主要叙述烷基炔的Heck反应过程中涉及到的烯基钯β-H消除生成联烯以及质子化反应、碳卤化反应和串联反应等竞争性反应,最后总结该反应存在的问题,并对其研究方向进行展望。