Flavones from Callus Tissue of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Iris ensata</Emphasis>

Flavonoids uncharacteristic of intact plants were isolated from callus tissue of Iris ensata and were identified as 5-hydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3′-methoxyflavone, and 5-hydroxy-2′-methoxyflavone using PMR and mass spectrometry. It was proposed that the lack of growth of callus tissue after changing cultivation conditions was related to the inhibiting effect of these flavones on cell proliferation. __________ Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 440–442, September–October, 2005.     

玉帘的组织和原生质体培养

玉帘不同外植体培养，诱导出胚性、中间型和非胚性３种类型的愈伤组织，并再生植株．由胚性愈伤组织与叶肉细胞分离出原生质体，进行培养，启动了细胞分裂并形成了多细胞团．同时，还研究了影响玉帘组织培养以及原生质体分离和培养的诸因素．     

东方旱麦草胚状体诱导和无性繁殖体系的建立

通过对东方早麦草无菌种子脱分化培养、继代培养、再分化培养的研究．建立了东方早麦草无性快速繁殖体系。结果表明：(1)2，4-D2．0mg／l KT0．2mg／l 肌醇100mg／l的MS培养基能促进东方早麦草幼芽脱分化；(2)2，4-D1．0mg／l KTO．3mg／l 肌醇100mg／l 天冬素150mg／l并以麦芽糖代替蔗糖的MS培养基能促进东方早麦草胚性愈伤组织、胚状体的产生；(3)胚状体在NAA0．1mg／l 大量元素110％的MS培养基上萌发生根．此体系为东方早麦草快速繁殖提供了一条新途径．     

In Vitro Calli Production Resulted in Different Profiles of Plant-Derived Medicinal Compounds in Phyllanthus amarus

The efficient production of plant-derived medicinal compounds (PDMCs) from in vitro plants requires improvements in knowledge about control of plant or organ development and factors affecting the biosynthesis pathway of specific PDMCs under in vitro conditions, leading to a realistic large-scale tool for in vitro secondary metabolite production. Thus, this study aimed to develop an in vitro technique, through the induction and proliferation of calli, for production of plant fresh weight, and to compare the PDMC profile obtained from the plants versus in vitro calli of Phyllanthus amarus. It was successfully possible to obtain and proliferate two types of calli, one with a beige color and a friable appearance, obtained in the dark using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium plus 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and a second type with a green color, rigid consistency, and nonfriable appearance obtained under light conditions and MS medium plus 6-benzyladenine (6-BA). In vitro micropropagated plants that gave rise to calli were also acclimatized in a greenhouse and cultivated until obtaining the mass for PDMC analysis and used as a control. While the micropropagated-derived plants concentrated the lignans niranthin, nirtetralin, and phyllanthin, the Phyllanthus amarus calli proliferated in vitro concentrated a completely different biochemical profile and synthesis of compounds, such as betulone, squalene, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol, in addition to others not identified by GC-MS database. These results demonstrate the possibility of applying the calli in vitro from Phyllanthus amarus for production of important PDMCs unlike those obtained in cultures of differentiated tissues from field plants.     

薄层扫描法研究大蒜愈伤组织的变化

In the paper,the study on the change in callus of garlic by thin-layer chromatography is decribed.The results showed that a decreasing tendency is presented for isoperoxidase but a increasing one for the total activity inthe preduction of callus from garlic sprout.     

Labdane Diterpenoids from Salvia tingitana Etl. Synergize with Clindamycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Quorum-sensing (QS) is a regulatory mechanism in bacterial communication, important for pathogenesis control. The search for small molecules active as quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSI) that can synergize with antibiotics is considered a good strategy to counteract the problem of antibiotic resistance. Here the antimicrobial labdane diterpenoids sclareol (1) and manool (2) extracted from Salvia tingitana were considered as potential QSI against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Only sclareol showed synergistic activity with clindamycin. The quantification of these compounds by LC–MS analysis in the organs and in the calli of S. tingitana showed that sclareol is most abundant in the flower spikes and is produced by calli, while manool is the major labdane of the roots, and is abundant also in the leaves. Other metabolites of the roots were abietane diterpenoids, common in Salvia species, and pentacyclic triterpenoids, bearing a γ-lactone moiety, previously undescribed in Salvia. Docking simulations suggested that 1 and 2 bind to key residues, involved in direct interactions with DNA. They may prevent accessory gene regulator A (AgrA) binding to DNA or AgrA activation upon phosphorylation, to suppress virulence factor expression. The antimicrobial activity of these two compounds probably achieves preventing upregulation of the accessory gene regulator (agr)-regulated genes.     

响应面试验优化超声波辅助提取龙眼愈伤组织中单宁的工艺

为提高龙眼愈伤组织中单宁的提取率,采用超声波辅助浸提法,基于乙醇浓度（A）、超声波功率（B）与提取时间（C） 3个单因素试验,通过响应面试验优化设计,建立了龙眼愈伤组织单宁提取工艺。 研究结果表明,龙眼愈伤组织中单宁的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度61%、超声波功率140 W,提取时间54 min,提取温度60 ℃,在此工艺条件下,提取量为7.53 mg·g^-1。     

Scarlet Flax Linum grandiflorum (L.) In Vitro Cultures as a New Source of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Lignans

In vitro cultures of scarlet flax (Linum grandiflorum L.), an important ornamental flax, have been established as a new possible valuable resource of lignans and neolignans for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications. The callogenic potential at different concentrations of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and thidiazuron (TDZ), alone or in combinations, was evaluated using both L. grandiflorum hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. A higher callus induction frequency was observed on NAA than TDZ, especially for hypocotyl explants, with a maximum frequency (i.e., 95.2%) on 1.0 mg/L of NAA. The presence of NAA (1.0 mg/L) in conjunction with TDZ tended to increase the frequency of callogenesis relative to TDZ alone, but never reached the values observed with NAA alone, thereby indicating the lack of synergy between these two plant growth regulators (PGRs). Similarly, in terms of biomass, NAA was more effective than TDZ, with a maximum accumulation of biomass registered for medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of NAA using hypocotyls as initial explants (DW: 13.1 g). However, for biomass, a synergy between the two PGRs was observed, particularly for cotyledon-derived explants and for the lowest concentrations of TDZ. The influence of these two PGRs on callogenesis and biomass is discussed. The HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of lignans (secoisolariciresinol (SECO) and lariciresinol (LARI) and neolignan (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol [DCA]) naturally accumulated in their glycoside forms. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities performed for both hypocotyl- and cotyledon-derived cultures were also found maximal (DPPH: 89.5%, FRAP 866: µM TEAC, ABTS: 456 µM TEAC) in hypocotyl-derived callus cultures as compared with callus obtained from cotyledon explants. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activities revealed high inhibition (COX-1: 47.4% and COX-2: 51.1%) for extract of hypocotyl-derived callus cultures at 2.5 mg/L TDZ. The anti-inflammatory action against COX-1 and COX-2 was supported by the IC₅₀ values. This report provides a viable approach for enhanced biomass accumulation and efficient production of (neo)lignans in L. grandiflorum callus cultures.     

天目铁木愈伤组织和芽苗诱导技术

以天目铁木嫩茎尖为外植体,应用均匀设计法筛选其基部愈伤组织诱导和愈伤组织再分化芽苗的最适合培养基.结果表明,最适合的嫩茎尖基部愈伤组织诱导培养基为1/2DR+TDZ 2.30 mg·L^-1+2,4-D 0.55 mg·L^-1,诱导率为93.5%;愈伤组织芽苗再分化培养基为1/2DR+TDZ 3.30 mg·L^-1+KT 0.70 mg·L^-1,分化率达99.8%以上. 成功建立了天目铁木嫩茎尖离体诱导愈伤组织和芽苗再分化体系,且再生芽苗与野生植株染色体数目相同.