Markierung von Humanserumalbumin mit 131J durch elektrochemische Oxydation von Jodid zum Jod

Es wird über eine Methode und deren optimale Bedingungen berichtet, die eine schnelle, schonende und fernbediente Markierung von Humanserumalbumin mit ¹³¹ J gestattet. Die Markierungsausbeuten, bezogen auf das eingesetzte Jod, sind gut reproduzierbar und liegen bei über 90%.     

Bitumen/polyethylene blends: using m-LLDPEs to improve stability and viscoelastic properties

The stability and the rheological properties of blends of a 60/70 penetration-grade bitumen with conventional HDPEs and metallocene catalysed LLDPEs (m-LLDPE) are investigated. Considerably better stability results are obtained using m-LLDPEs instead of conventional polyethylenes, allowing one to avoid phase separation of the emulsion-like system during storage at high temperature. Thermodynamical interaction between bitumen and polyethylene is discarded as a cause of the observed difference, because the solubility parameter is practically the same for all the investigated polyethylenes. The result is explained on the basis of the lower melt elasticity of m-LLDPEs (attributed to their narrow molecular weight distribution), which facilitates the drop breakup during mixing process. The modification of bitumen with any of the m-LLDPEs considered in this work gives a new material with considerably improved viscoelastic properties.     

Use of a MDI-functionalized reactive polymer for the manufacture of modified bitumen with enhanced properties for roofing applications

In this study, the suitability of a reactive polymer, synthesized by reaction of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with a low molecular weight polyethylene-glycol (PEG), as a modifying agent for the manufacture of bitumen-based waterproof membranes, was evaluated. With that purpose, rheological and thermal analysis tests, and microstructural observations by AFM were carried out on different samples of modified bitumen having a MDI–PEG content ranging from 0 to 10 wt.%, cured at room temperature for a period of time within 0–30 days. The results obtained demonstrate that the addition of the reactive polymer proposed in this work to bitumen is very suitable at high in-service temperatures, because a noticeable increase in the values of viscosity, at 60 °C, of the resulting modified bitumen samples is observed on a time-scale of days. AFM observations, carried out at 50 °C, evidenced that the reactive polymer MDI–PEG leads to a new microstructure, displaying a higher level of stiffness. Therefore, this polymer should be seriously taken into consideration as a modifier of bituminous coatings for the waterproofing industry.     

不同成因天然沥青的结构组成特征研究

利用液相色谱等仪器分析手段,较系统地研究了不同成因类型的天然沥青及模拟沥青样品,特别是其中的胶质、沥青质重组分,揭示了沥青结构组成中的成因信息。研究表明,不同成因的天然沥青具有各自特有的化学结构和组成,综合利用其结构组成特征能准确有效地判断天然沥青的成因类型,在其开发利用研究中具有重要的应用价值。     

Aging Process Effects on the Characteristics of Vacuum Residue Oxidation Products with the Addition of Crumb Rubber

This paper considers the effect of aging processes on viscoelastic characteristics of vacuum residue oxidation products modified with crumb rubber. Viscoelastic properties were compared to original bitumen raw material-vacuum residue and vacuum residue oxidation products during short-term and long-term aging. The complex shear modulus of the vacuum residue and its oxidation products decreased with an increase in temperature. Short-term aging resulted in increased shear modulus for all samples.The vacuum residue oxidation product modified with crumb rubber had the maximum values of the rutting parameter and fatigue parameter. There was an expansion of the temperature range of plasticity: for the vacuum residue oxidation product with crumb rubber, its value was 67.2 °C. The curves of the black diagram of the modified vacuum residue oxidation product are shifted towards smaller phase angles with the increase in the shear modulus, which indicates the increase in the stiffness and elasticity of the rubber bitumen binders. The vacuum residue oxidation product modified with crumb rubber corresponded to the rubber bitumen binder of the grade RBB 60/90, according to its physical and mechanical indicators.     

爱沙尼亚油页岩及其热解产物的电子顺磁共振研究

采用电子顺磁共振（EPR）技术,系统地研究了热解温度对样品自由基浓度、g因子和线宽的影响。结果表明,油页岩干酪根及其制备的热解产物沥青、焦油和半焦的自由基浓度为2.29×10¹⁴-9.16×10¹⁴。当热解温度低于380℃时,主要发生干酪根的热解聚,当热解温度超过380℃,主要为中间产物热沥青的分解阶段,表现为热沥青的自由基浓度N_g和g因子值高于半焦。对EPR谱图线宽分析可知,当温度高于380℃时,焦油的线宽明显大于半焦和热沥青,说明液体内部自由基中自旋粒子间以及自旋粒子与环境的相互作用要比固体剧烈的多。温度低于380℃时,半焦和热沥青由于热解反应的进行,自由基自旋粒子之间及其与环境的相互作用增强,线宽随着温度的升高而增加。温度高于380℃时,半焦和热沥青的EPR曲线线宽降低,表明随着温度的升高自由基自旋粒子的相互作用减弱。     

沉积有机质的加氢热解及其地球化学信息研究

用加氢热解(hydropyrolysis)释放高演化源岩干酪根和沥青分子网络中共价键结合的生物标志物,在恢复原始有机地球化学信息方面具有重要的意义,可应用于源岩有机质生源确定、成熟度确定、古沉积环境判识以及油/源对比等.实验表明,样品沥青“A“与加氢热解产物中生物标志物的组成存在一定的差异,加氢热解产物中含有丰富的地球化学信息.加氢热解具有产物收率高、结构重排少、生物特征保持完整等特点,能够合理地释放出沉积有机质分子骨架中具有原生性的组分,保持完整的原始生物标志物结构和立体化学特征.加氢热解技术为油气地球化学研究开辟了新途径.     

Calculation of smoothing factors for the comparison of DSC results

Complex mixtures of long chain organic compounds often show overlapping glass transition temperatures (T _gs) when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or modulated DSC (MDSC). In such cases, subjective and inconsistent smoothing of data acquired under different conditions can lead to the misinterpretation of results. A quantitative method for the selection of smoothing factors for the analysis and comparison of (M)DSC results is presented. The method is most useful for the analysis of the derivative of the heat capacity, dC _p/dt or dC _p/dT, plots which best highlight overlapping T _gs. Four equations are shown to relate the heating rate and the smoothing factor. The equations allow a comparison of data acquired i) at different heating rates and plotted vs. temperature, ii) at a single heating rate and plotted vs. both time and temperature, i.e., dC _p/dt vs. dC _p/dT, iii) at different heating rates and plotted vs. both time and temperature, and iv) at different heating rates, and shown exclusively in the time domain. Examples of the use of the equations are provided for the analysis of bitumen, a complex mixture of natural origin.     

青海出露油砂沥青的烃类组成分析

利用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱／质谱联机(GC／MS)检测了青海出露油砂沥青的烃类组成与分布。结果表明，其为陆源湖相有机质生成的原油经生物氧化降解形成的。由于所处的独特地理、地质环境，其生物氧化降解程度低，饱和烃含量甚高，分布规整，轻质组分很多，明显不同于其它地区的油砂沥青。鉴于其特殊的化学组成与分布，该油砂矿必须采用新的方式进行开采。     

Data exploration on standard asphalt mix analyses

The purpose of our study was the evaluation of the most important factors that affect the volumetric and conventional mechanical properties of produced asphalt mix and the volumetric properties of built‐in asphalt layer. Asphalt mix design follows the standard procedure (Marshall procedure). We were interested not only in the quantity of bitumen specified by the Marshall procedure, but also in the quantity of stone aggregate fractions, temperatures of production and properties of bitumen that is used. The influence of these factors was investigated with several models. For the building of models we used 444 asphalt samples, analysed by one laboratory. To select the most important factors, several multiple linear regression (MLR) models, partial least squares (PLS) regression models and counterpropagation neural network models were made. Obtained models were tested with leave‐one‐out (LOO) and leave‐10%‐out cross‐validation procedures. The results of MLR and PLS models show that the independent variables are closely related. Among 21 variables there is only one found as less important. MLR and PLS models show better predictive ability than counterpropagation neural network models. The best MLR models will be employed for the preparation of the asphalt mix design (recipe) with some unknown material. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.