Four New Triterpenes from Anchusa azurea var. azurea

Four new triterpene glycosides, named oleanazuroside 1 ( 1 ), oleanazuroside 2 ( 2 ), ursolazuroside 1 ( 3 ), and ursolazuroside 2 ( 4 ), together with the seven known compounds 5 – 11 , were isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Anchusa azurea Miller var. azurea. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic evidence (UV, IR, MALDI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR). The radical‐scavenging activities against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of the BuOH extract and of 8 and 10 were very strong (Table 5).     

Seasonal Variability and Effect of Sample Storage on Volatile Components in Calypogeia azurea

A change in the composition of specialized metabolites is often observed in stressed plants. Phytochemicals play an important role in adapting plants to the environment, particularly overcoming stress conditions such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. In this study, seasonal variations in the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analysed in species of Calypogeia azurea. The article presents the effect of sample storage on volatile organic compounds present in Calypogeia liverwort cells and whether the collection habitats of the sample affect the content of phytochemicals. The VOCs of the species within the liverwort Calypogeia azurea were analysed by GC-MS. Compounds were isolated from plant material using the HS-SPME technique. The samples were collected over several years (2019–2021). Of the several dozen samples collected, 79 compounds were isolated, of which 47 were identified.     

Comparison of Extraction Techniques for the Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Liverwort Samples

This article focuses on the comparison of four popular techniques for the extraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from liverworts of the Calypogeia azurea species. Since extraction is the most important step in the sample analysis of ingredients present in botanical preparations, their strengths, and weaknesses are discussed. In order to determine the VOCs present in plants, selecting the appropriate one is a key step of the extraction technique. Extraction should ensure the isolation of all components present in the oily bodies of Calypogeia azurea without the formation of any artifacts during treatment. The best extraction method should yield the determined compounds in detectable amounts. Hydrodistillation (HD), applying Deryng apparatus and solid-liquid extraction (SLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were used for volatile extraction. The extracts obtained were analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compounds.