Coupling of thermal desorption in modified closeable sampling columns with wide-bore capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometric detection

In contrast to usability of Curie-point pyrolysis at 700°C directly attached to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for determination of organic wood preservatives in waste wood samples the investigation method reported here consists of thermal desorption at temperatures about 260°C in connection with GC-MS for peak identification or GC with flame ionization detection for quantitative analyses. So-called “modified closeable sampling columns” are used as batch-reactor in thermal desorption experiments. Desorbed vapours can be introduced on capillary columns without sample discrimination and without a disturbing lost of resolution. In this manner a lot of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determinated in waste wood samples, especially in railway sleepers.     

A new route for the functionalisation of wood through transesterification reactions

A novel transesterification reaction between acetylated maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster Soland) and methyl benzoate (MB), in the presence of dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) as a catalyst, was performed. Reaction was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance cross-polarisation with magic-angle spinning (NMR CP MAS) analysis: signals corresponding to benzoylated wood were identified and, when transesterification was performed with ethyl trimethylsilylacetate (ETMSA), characteristic trimethylsilyl groups were detected. The acetyl/benzoyl exchange rate was found to increase with increasing amount of DBTO, temperature and reaction time and a concurrent deterioration of the woody material was evidenced.     

功能化离子液体液化木粉及其酚醛复合材料

合成了氯代1-(2-羟乙基)-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[He MIM]Cl、溴代1-乙胺基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[Ae MIM]Br和氯代1-羧乙基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体[Ce MIM]Cl 3种功能化咪唑离子液体,并分别进行了红外与氢核磁结构表征.然后用3种离子液体液化木粉,液化3 h后向体系直接加入苯酚、甲醛和氢氧化钠,制备酚醛复合材料,并采用FTIR、XRD、DSC和SEM对酚醛复合材料进行结构、性能与形貌测试,研究离子液体种类对木粉液化率及酚醛树脂性能的影响.结果表明,离子液体及其液化木粉产物制备的酚醛复合材料性能得到明显改善.[Ce MIM]Cl液化效果最好,90℃液化率高达24.6%,当[Ce MIM]Cl与木粉质量比为10∶1时,制备的酚醛复合材料的游离醛释放量由原来的3.64%降低到0.92%.离子液体[Ae MIM]Br能将酚醛复合材料的冲击强度由原来的0.93 k J/m2提高到6.96 k J/m2,而[Ae MIM]Br及其液化的木粉产物制备的酚醛复合材料拉伸强度从原来的3.28 MPa提高到9.70 MPa.     

Dispersion production by semi-continuous radical vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization with silane co-monomer and characterization of final products

Vinyl acetate radical emulsion polymerization in water with GF51 silane co-monomer was performed by semi continuous way. The GF51 impacts on dispersion rheology as well on films and bonding strength properties were determined. It should be stated that even low quantities of GF51 (up to 6% from VAc) determined high viscosity of dispersions. The GF51 modified films have low water absorption and high affinity to glass. Molecular mass and thermal properties of GF51 modified polymers were determined accordingly.     

Wastes from Wood Extraction Used in Composite Materials: Behavior after Accelerated Weathering

New materials were obtained by incorporating in polypropylene (PP) matrix 60% wood wastes resulting after extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide, water, and ethanol. Structural, mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations, as well as moisture uptake of the composites, were evaluated before and after accelerated weathering. It was found that the extraction method influenced the composite properties due to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance. The addition of extracted fibers results in an increase in hardness and tensile properties and a decrease of impact strength as compared to PP.     

可持续高分子-纤维素新材料研究进展

21世纪"绿色"化学已成为世界各国社会经济发展中的研究与开发战略方向.纤维素是自然界中储量最丰富的天然高分子,是重要的可再生资源以及未来的主要工业原料.然而由于纤维素存在着大量的分子内以及分子间氢键,其结构致密,难以溶解或熔融进一步加工.本文简要介绍了近几年来关于直接使用物理溶剂方法(非衍生化)对纤维素材料开发利用的新进展,主要包括以下4个方面:(1)纤维素在"绿色"溶剂-碱/尿素以及离子液体体系中的溶解和再生;(2)纳米纤维素的制备以及组装;(3)木材纳米技术的开发及利用;(4)细菌纤维素基材料等,旨在推进"绿色"技术实现纤维素资源的研究开发及利用.     

SIMCA法判别分析木材生物腐朽的研究

木材是一种生物质材料,容易受到各种微生物的危害,生物腐朽可以迅速导致木材结构的破坏,因此,对木材生物腐朽的快速、准确地检测或鉴定具有重要意义。近几年来,近红外光谱和SIMCA方法正被用于识别或检测食品、药品和农产品等研究中,因此,本研究尝试利用近红外光谱结合SIMCA方法来检测木材的生物腐朽。研究结果表明,应用近红外光谱和SIMCA方法能有效地判别木材的生物腐朽类型,通过培训集样本建立的基于PCA分析的SIMCA判别模型对未腐朽、白腐和褐腐三种类型样本进行回判,判别准确率分别为100%, 82.5%和100%;而对未知腐朽类型的样本(包括未腐朽、白腐和褐腐样本),判别准确率分别为100%, 85%和100%;SIMCA方法对未腐朽和褐腐类型的判别准确率均达到100%,但对白腐样本都有错判,造成这种错判的主要原因可能是由于样本包括的信息不够丰富以及腐朽初期白腐和褐腐试样的性质差异太小等。     

利用近红外光谱技术预测粗皮桉木材弹性模量

采用近红外光谱分析技术,对粗皮桉木材弹性模量进行了快速预测研究.使用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)分析法和常规力学测试方法测定了粗皮桉木材无疵小试样的弹性模量,并用近红外光谱仪采集试样径切面和弦切面的近红外漫反射光谱,对原始光谱进行二阶导数预处理,并选择410～2 480 nm光谱段建立回归模型.以2/3的试样作为校正集建立弹性模量的偏最小二乘法校正模型,以1/3/的试样作为预测集对模型进行验证.结果表明,粗皮桉木材的弹性模量与近红外光谱之间有较好的相关性,纵向弹性模量和抗弯弹性模量的预测模型的相关系数分别为0.93和0.81,相对分析误差分别为2.70和1.71.利用近红外光谱分析方法可以实现对粗皮桉木材无疵小试样弹性模量的快速预测.     

木材正辛醇液化产物的红外光谱分析

溶剂溶解技术是生物质液化的重要过程之一。为了在温和条件下从生物质中生产高质量的液体燃料,有必要开发新型液化溶剂。而对液化产物的分析则是评价溶剂液化效果的主要途径。在不锈钢高压釜中进行杨木粉在酸化正辛醇中的液化反应,对液化产物先后用丙酮,正己烷萃取,得到液化残渣、重质油和轻质油。通过对液化残渣、重质油和轻质油的红外光谱分析考察了木材中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的液化规律和转化机理。结果表明,木材液化油品是复杂的混合物,含有羟基、羰基、甲氧基、芳基和醚类化合物。纤维素/半纤维素比木质素更容易液化。纤维素/半纤维素主要转化为轻质油,而木质素液化产物主要是重质油。在150 ℃木质素液化降解生成小分子芳烃,继续升高液化温度导致小分子芳烃重聚合。     

木蜡油涂饰对檀香紫檀易混树种的红外光谱影响分析

卢氏黑黄檀和染料紫檀木材特征与檀香紫檀相似,特别是两者经过加色精的木蜡油涂饰后,用肉眼很难与珍贵的檀香紫檀分辨。市场上销售的很多红木家具为了达到防腐、防尘、防开裂的性能以及提高红木表面光泽度和显现珍贵木材的纹理,大都进行了木蜡油表面涂饰加工,因而只研究木材本身的鉴别不能满足市场需求。借助红外光谱（FTIR）结合二阶导数红外光谱（SDIR）和二维相关红外光谱（2D-IR）技术,对经过木蜡油涂饰的檀香紫檀（Pterocarpus santalinus）、染料紫檀（P.tinctoricus Welw）和卢氏黑黄檀（Dalbergia louuelii）进行了红外光谱分析。通过打磨-涂底油-打磨-涂面油-干燥的涂饰工艺对3个树种进行表面涂饰。分别取3个树种素材的木粉和经过表面涂饰的木材表面的木粉进行FTIR,SDIR和2D-IR三级鉴别分析,同时测定了木蜡油的FTIR谱图。结果表明：(1）木蜡油FTIR谱图在2 925,1 733,1 465和1 378 cm-1较强的特征峰出峰位置与3个树种木材本身的出峰位置基本重合,且在2 854 cm-1处归属于亚甲基C-H对称伸缩振动,1 233 cm-1处归属于羧基C-O伸缩振动,729 cm-1处归属于长链的亚甲基C-H弯曲振动的特征峰在涂饰后三种样品的FTIR谱图中有相同的体现,说明木蜡油涂饰未对3个树种红外谱图的特征峰产生影响;3个树种表面涂饰前后FTIR谱图的相关系数同时可以对木蜡油涂饰未对3个树种的特征峰产生影响进行佐证;(2）FTIR谱图在1 595,1 060和836 cm-1处可以将染料紫檀与檀香紫檀和卢氏黑黄檀两个树种区分开;SDIR谱图可以在1 551 cm-1将卢氏黑黄檀区分开,并能进一步对染料紫檀的特征峰进行验证;在2D-IR光谱中,在1 425~1 800和850~1 300 cm-1两个波段范围,檀香紫檀的自动锋明显区别于其他两个树种,在1 250 cm-1处归属于醚类化合物的吸收峰可以将檀香紫檀区分开。目前红木识别主要利用木材解剖方法,表面涂饰大多集中在木材材色变化研究。借助红外光谱技术,最终利用各个树种和木蜡油在红外光谱谱图中不同的特征峰体现的官能团差异直接推测特征成分的含量差异,无须测定其特征成分的具体物质,进而实现准确、快速地把经木蜡油表面涂饰的檀香紫檀及与其易混淆的染料紫檀和卢氏黑黄檀区分鉴别。