Re-interpretation of the Old Masters' practices through optical and rheological investigation: The presence of calcite

Lead white, composed of a mixture of cerussite and hydrocerussite (respectively PbCO₃ and Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂), is often associated in paintings with other white pigments, especially calcite. By combining in-situ analyses with paint reconstructions, we attempt to get a better understanding of the role of this addition of calcite and to investigate how artists may have used it to modify the properties of their paints. Lead-based white pigments of a Dutch 17th-century nuancier have been analysed as well as historical paintings. Two examples are given: one from a painting by Roger van der Weyden, in the 15th century, and one by Nicolas Poussin, in the 17th century, from specific zones that indicate the addition of calcite. The presence of calcite and pigments enhances both the optical and the rheological properties. Visible reflectance spectroscopy was carried out on pure paints as well as mixtures and indicated an increase in the transparency of the paint mixture in comparison to pure lead white. Rheological measurements also indicated an increase in the elastic and viscous moduli, as well as of the yield stress again in comparison to pure lead white. Calcite could thus have been used to assist in the creation of impasto effects in lead white paints.     

交联型聚酯聚氨酯透明度变化的结构研究

用半预聚体法合成了具有交联结构的聚氨酯耐磨材料。用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱、透射电镜,X射线衍射等方法进行物理性能测试表明,不同铸模温度显著影响聚氨酯的外观透明度和耐磨性能,而发生这些变化的结构本质是加工条件和化学反应使组分不同的聚氨酯分子逐渐微相分离,形成亚微米级、微米级乃至十微米级的微区。这些微区彼此凝聚生成形状各异、结构复杂的颗粒。这些分散在透明聚氨酯介质中的组成不均匀颗粒数量增多、粒径增大是导致聚氨酯透明度变差的主要原因。     

Inspired by Grape Seed and Wine: Tannic Acid as a Modified Coating for Fabricating Highly Flexible,Transparent and Conductive Film

The application of transparent conductive films in flexible electronics has shown promising prospects recently. Tannic acid(TA) was successfully applied to modifying the surface of polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) to fhbricate highly flexible, transparent and conductive Ag nanowires(NWs) based films. TA modification transformed the PDMS surface from hydrophobicity into hydrophilicity without decreasing the transparence. A sheet resistance(Rs) of 80 Ω/cm^2 with an optical transmittance of 94% was achieved, which was superior to that of indium tin oxide(ITO) films. More importantly, the TA layer enhanced the interaction between Ag NWs and the PDMS substrate. The Ag NWs films on TA modified PDMS substrate exhibited excellent stability in Rs when subjected to a bending test.     

含叔丁基/异丁基二胺的可溶性透明聚酰亚胺的合成与性能

通过分子设计合成了异丁基桥联2-叔丁基苯胺的新型二胺单体4,4′-(2-异丁基)双(2-叔丁基苯胺), 并将其分别与4种商品化芳香族二酐经高温“一步法”缩聚制得了系列聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂. 采用多种测试手段研究PI的结构和性能, 结果表明, 该系列新型聚酰亚胺不但可溶于N-甲基吡咯烷酮及N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等高沸点溶剂, 而且在乙酸乙酯和三氯甲烷等低沸点溶剂中也具有良好的溶解性. 该系列PI保持了良好的热稳定性, 在N₂中5%热失重温度均在480 ℃以上, 玻璃化转变温度(T_g)介于307~356 ℃之间. 经溶液刮涂制得的PI薄膜具有良好的光学透明性, 在可见光区平均透过率可达82.3%~89.1%, 截止波长介于313~363 nm之间. 同时, 该系列PI薄膜还具有良好的机械性能和疏水性, 有望应用于光伏发电及柔性显示等领域.