乙苯工艺技术开发及工业应用进展

乙苯是重要的基本有机化工原料,主要用于生产苯乙烯,进而作为合成橡胶和塑料等高分子材料的单体.乙苯的生产主要采用苯和乙烯的烷基化工艺.传统的AlCl3法由于存在设备腐蚀和环境污染等问题己逐步被环境友好的分子筛烷基化法取代.分子筛烷基化法分为气相法和液相法.气相烷基化催化剂为ZSM-5分子筛,例如Mobil-Badger气相烷基化工艺;液相烷基化催化剂有Y,Beta和MCM-22分子筛,例如Lummus/UOP的EBOne工艺和Mobil-Raythen的EBMax工艺.近年来,随着经济的发展,全球范围内乙苯需求量逐年增加,产能也逐渐扩大.尤其在中国大陆,目前乙苯产能居世界首位,其乙苯工艺技术的开发也最为活跃.经过20多年的发展,苯烷基化制乙苯工艺取得了长足发展.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所在成功合成ZSM-5/ZSM-11分子筛的基础上,与中国石化、中国石油联合开发了苯与干气气相烷基化制乙苯工艺;中国石化上海石油化工研究院则以ZSM-5分子筛为基础,开发了适应原料多样性的苯气相烷基化制乙苯催化剂和工艺技术,可以采用石油苯、焦化苯、纯乙烯、乙醇和稀乙烯为原料;石油化工科学研究院则开发了基于Beta分子筛的苯与乙烯液相烷基化催化剂及液相循环烷基化工艺.以上催化剂及工艺技术均己工业化应用.此外,实现催化烷基化与分离同时进行的催化蒸馏工艺以及乙烷脱氢再与苯烷基化的两段法制乙苯工艺的研究也取得了一定进展.在苯烷基化制乙苯工艺中,气相法操作温度高,苯与乙烯进料摩尔比高,因而能耗高,同时二甲苯含量高,产品纯度低.液相烷基化工艺则具有温度低和苯/烯比低的特点,其能耗控制及产品质量均优于气相法工艺.但是,液相反应中的扩散阻力大,孔道为10元环的ZSM-5分子筛失活迅速,因而选用了具有12元环孔道的Y,Beta和具有表面12元环碗状半超笼的MCM-22分子筛为催化剂.然而,液相法工艺的苯与乙烯进料摩尔比仍然远高于理论化学计量比,其产品中含有一定比例的多乙基苯(主要是二乙苯),需采用烷基转移过程将多乙基苯与苯反应生成乙苯.进一步降低苯/烯比、提高单乙苯选择性是未来乙苯工艺开发的努力方向.研究表明,介孔分子筛及纳米片状分子筛在苯烷基化反应中具有优于常规分子筛的催化表现,即更高的乙烯转化率和乙苯选择性.其原因在于,扩散是影响苯烷基化反应性能的关键因素,扩散性能的改善使得产物从活性位解吸后更容易扩散出去,进而空出活性位并进一步催化新的底物.同时,单烷基化产物与新的烷基化试剂进一步发生烷基化的几率降低,提高了单烷基化产物的选择性.因而,采用扩散性能更好的催化剂催化苯烷基化反应前景看好,关键问题在于如何简单并廉价地获取该类材料.另外,虽然分子筛催化苯烷基化是一个环境友好的工艺过程,但是在分子筛催化剂制备过程中会产生环境污染.同时,失活催化剂的处理也是需要考虑的问题.开发分子筛的绿色合成技术,减轻甚至消除环境污染是一个值得努力的方向;开发失活催化剂的综合利用技术,如采用失活催化剂为原料用于分子筛的合成,可以作为环境保护的有效手段.     

Thermally Responsive Selenide-containing Materials Based on Transalkylation of Selenonium Salts

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self-healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C−Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide-containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross-linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide-containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide-containing materials.     

Analytical study of various heavy oil residues using a transalkylation reaction

Summary Various atmospheric residues of crude oil [Boscan (Venezuela), Maya (Mexico), Kirkouk (Iraq), Safanyia (Saudi Arabia), Arabian Light (Algeria)] have been analyzed by GC/MS coupling after transalkylation. The transalkylation of atmospheric residues from the aromatic matrix to a light aromatic acceptor was performed after optimization of the reaction, using an acidic catalyst/light aromatic acceptor couple: AlBr₃ slightly hydrated/benzene. The reaction time was about four hours and the temperature 60°C. These conditions allow the best compromise between a maximal transfer of alkyl chains and their minimal degradation, which is necessary in an analytical study.The results presented here demonstrate that heavy oil residues from different sources give qualitatively similar GC chromatograms, and that only the amounts of phenylalkanes obtained after transalkylation may vary. Under these conditions, the transfer yields of alkyl chains (defined as the mass of alkylated light aromatics obtained from 100g of oil fraction treated) are significantly different and are thus proposed as a new characteristic of heavy crude oil fractions and of petroleum residues.A thorough quantiative study of the phenyl alkanes identified indicates that in every residue, the amount of compounds containing ramified alkyl chains is constant, whereas linear alkyl chain amounts were observed to vary. Yields of diphenylalkanes are quite different for each residue. This result suggests that the reticulation of the aromatic matrix is a function of the nature of the oil residue.     

Transalkylation of N-methyl tertiary amines with 3, 4-dibromobutenolides

The selective transalkylation of N-methyl tertiary amines with 3,4-dibromobutenolides is described.The N-methyl group of the parent tertiary amines was replaced by alkenyl units of the butenolides;and a series of butenolide-containing tertiary enamines were obtained in moderate to good yields.Interestingly,the product 2b has shown a promising anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines(IC50=0.19 mmol/L).     

Zur Reaktion von Halomethylphosphoniumhalogeniden, [R3PCYnX3–n]X,mit Phosphanen,R′3P

On the Reaction of Halomethylphosphonium Halides, [R₃PCY_nX_3–n]X, with Phosphanes, R′₃P The results of the reaction of 19 different halomethylphosphonium halides, [R₃PCY_nX_3–n]X (R = Ph, n-Bu, Me₂N, Et₂N; Y = H, F; X = Cl, Br, I; n = 0–2), with Ph₃P, n-Bu₃P, and (R₂N)₃P are presented. As reaction products bisphosphonium salts, [R₃P? CY_nX_2–n? PR′₃]X₂, and phosphoranylphosphonium salts, [R₃P=CY? PR′₃]X, or reduced (halo)methyl-phosphonium salts, [R₃PCHY_nX_2–n]X, are obtained. [Ph₃PCBrF₂]Br and [Bu₃PCBrF₂]Br react with R′₃P by trans-alkylation forming [R′₃PCBrF₂]Br. The factors influencing the course of the reaction are discussed.     

耐温阳离子树脂催化二壬基酚与苯酚合成壬基酚

用耐高温阳离子树脂催化二壬基酚与苯酚烷基转移为壬基酚．研究表明，经过耐温处理的强酸性阳离子交换树脂有较好的催化性能，当以CH2O2型树脂作为催化剂。在140℃，苯酚与二壬基酚摩尔比8：l的务件下反应2．5h，二壬基酚的转化率可以达到90％以上，适当延长反应时间。二壬基酚的转化率可以进一步提高，催化剂重复使用8次催化活性没有明显降低．     

甲苯歧化与烷基转移催化剂的积碳行为

采用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、低温氮吸附/脱附和氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等技术对甲苯歧化与烷基转移催化剂的积碳行为进行了研究.结果表明:硬积碳的烧碳动力学过程近似符合一级反应,表明它是以单层分散状态存在,其表观烧碳活化能为110kJ·mol-1;反应1000h后Cat-1000催化剂的近表面主要存在三种碳物种,其中以碳氧单键方式存在的C占C总量的22.7%,以碳氧双键方式存在的C占C总量的9.1%,以—C—C—方式存在的C占C总量的68.1%,表明形成的碳物种主要是石墨型碳;催化剂Cat-1000上的积碳主要是硬积碳,占总积碳量的3/4,其余为软积碳;尽管反应1000h后催化剂的比表面积下降较多,但酸强度基本未改变,仍具有良好的反应活性和稳定性,表明覆盖在催化剂活性位上的积碳较少,积碳可能更易于沉积在载体的孔道中.     

Transalkylation of toluene with diisopropylbenzene over rey zeolite

Production of cymenes and cumene through transalkylation of toluene with diisopropylbenzene has been studied over REY zeolite. Variation of different reaction parameters and their effects on the conversion of DIPB and selectivity to cymenes and cumene are described. Concentration of cymenes are more than cumene due to successive and simultaneous reactions.     

二异丙苯和苯烷基转移反应中Y型沸石催化剂的研究

采用水热处理与离子交换结合的方法对ＮａＹ沸石进行了改性，ＸＲＤ、ＸＰＳ及孔结构测试结果表明，ＮａＹ沸石经水热处理和离子交换改性制得的Ｙ沸石催化剂的晶体晶型未发生变化；处理温度对催化剂的相对结晶度、孔结构及比表面积有很大影响；水热处理可以使微孔孔口啼生缺陷或破裂；在一定温度下，催化剂能够形成二次孔；过高的处理温度将导致催化忆结构的崩坍，Ｙ沸石催化剂存在铝富集在表面的现象，采用左外光谱及哟啶，２，６－     

Microwave activation of catalytic transformation of t-butylphenols

Kinetics of catalytic transformation of 2- and 4-t-butylphenol (2TBP and 4TBP) in the liquid phase on a heterogeneous KSF catalyst has been studied in detail under conventional and microwave conditions. The process includes dealkylation, isomerization and transalkylation reactions. Its kinetics has been described using the method of initial reaction rates. It was found that microwaves affect both the reaction rate and the selectivity. The results were explained in terms of “microwave-induced polarisation” assuming an interaction of microwaves with a highly polarised reagent molecule in adsorbed state on the acidic active site. Temperature and solvent effects were also examined. The reaction mechanism of t-butylphenol transformation is discussed on the basis of electrophilic aromatic substitution via bimolecular reactions.