Determination of hydrolyzable tannins in the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. by high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis

A RP-HPLC method for determining fourteen components (gallic acid, chebulic acid, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose, punicalagin, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose, casuarinin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic acid, terchebulin, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose) in the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is described. The separation was achieved within 80 min using a binary gradient with mobile phases consisting of a pH 2.7 phosphoric acid solution and an 80% CH3CN solution. Capillary electrophoretic analyses were also attempted, and it was found that CZE (25 mM Na2B4O7, 5 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.0) was an efficient method for the separation of gallotannins, while an MEKC method (25 mM Na2B4O7, 5 mM NaH2PO4, 20 mM SDS, pH 7.0, and 10% acetonitrile) provided a better separation for most of the tannins examined. The HPLC and CE methods developed were both successfully applied to the assay of tannins in commercial samples of Chebulae Fructus.     

Terminalic Acid, a New Tannin from the Fruit of Terminalia chebula

AsatheraPeuticherbusedintraditionalChinesemedicine,TerminaliachebulaisconventionallygrowninGuangdong,Guangxi,andtheYunnanprovinceofChina.Itsripefruitisefficaciouslycurativewhenusedintreatingdiarrheaandhoarsenessofthethroatandcanalsobeusedasanastringenttobringabouthemostasisortoremovesomepathogenic"internalheat"ortoxicelementsfromwithinhumanphysique'.SeveralstudiesonhydroIysabletanninswithchebuloylgrouphavebeenreportedsofar2.AspartofaprogramforasystematicstudyofTchebula,wehavesuccessfullyis…     

Validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid in fruits of Terminalia chebula,Phyllanthus emblica,and Quercus infectoria

A simple and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid in dried fruits of Terminalia chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, and Quercus infectoria has been developed. The chromatographic development was carried out on precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ plates in a mixture of toluene:ethyl acetate:chloroform:formic acid (4:8:1:3 v/v/v/v). The plate was scanned densitometrically at a wavelength of 280 nm. The retention factor value of gallic acid and ellagic acid was found to be 0.63 ± 0.2 and 0.53 ± 0.1, respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity, robustness, specificity and stability as per the international conference of harmonization guidelines. The method showed good linear relationship over a range of 100–600 ng/band (gallic acid) and 100–500 ng/band (ellagic acid) with a regression coefficient (r²) of 0.997 (gallic acid) and 0.996 (ellagic acid). The method showed high accuracy (99.65%–100.85%). The percentage relative standard deviation of intra-day and inter-day precision studies was not more than 2%. The method is highly robust and has displayed high specificity. The developed method is new, simple, and accurate and can be successfully employed in routine analysis of raw materials and formulations containing gallic acid and ellagic acid.     

Microwave extraction and rapid isolation of arjunic acid from Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) stem bark and quantification of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid using HPLC-PDA technique

Arjunic acid and arjunolic acid are main bioactive components of Terminalia arjuna stem bark and reported for various biological activities. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of arjunic and arjunolic acid from stem bark of T. arjuna was investigated with developed and validated HPLC-PDA method, which resulted in the isolation of a novel anticancer molecule i.e. arjunic acid. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as type and volume of extraction solvents, microwave power, microwave extraction time, on the extraction efficiencies of arjunic, and arjunolic acid from stem bark of T. arjuna were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions identified were 5.0 g quantity of stem bark powder, 20 mL of ethyl acetate, preleaching time 10 min, microwave power 600 W, temperature 65°C, and microwave irradiation time 5 min. The results showed that MAE is a more rapid extraction method with higher yield and lower solvent consumptions than reported methods. The HPLC-PDA analysis method was developed and validated to have good linearity, precision, sensitivity, and accuracy. MAE-HPLC-PDA is a faster, convenient, and appropriate method for isolation and determination of arjunic acid and arjunolic acid in the stem bark of T. arjuna.     

Extraction and Purification of Depigmenting Agents from Chinese Plants

Introduction Melaninisaheterogeneousbiopolymerproduced bytheskincells,melanocytes,whichdetermine,mostly,thecoloroftheskin.Excessiveproductionof melaninanditsaccumulationintheskincancausepig mentingdisordersincludingmelasma,solarlentigoand postinflammatory…     

Preparative isolation of hydrolysable tannins chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid from Terminalia chebula by high-speed counter-current chromatography

As a chromatographic column, the high-speed counter-current chromatography system was equipped with a preparative HPLC series, enabling the successful isolation of hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula, a traditional Chinese medicine. The two-phase solvent system was composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:20:1:20 v/v). As a result, 33.2 mg chebulagic and 15.8 mg chebulinic acids were obtained in one step from 300 mg of crude extract. Their purities were determined by HPLC to be 95.3 and 96.1%, respectively. The chemical structures were identified by their MS and 1H NMR spectra.     

Tannin and Related Compounds from Terminalia catappa and Terminalia parviflora

Continuing chemical examination on tannins and related compounds of Combretaceous plants has led to the isolation of one novel complex type tannin, catappanin A, together with two phenolcarboxylic acids, two phenol glucoside gallates, seven ellagic tannins, one other hydrolyzable tannin, four flavan-3-ols and two complex type tannins from the bark of Terminalia catappa. In addition, from the bark of Terminalia parviflora one new methyl glucoside gallate, methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucoside, three phenolcarboxylic acids, three gallotannins, six ellagitannins and three other hydrolyzable tannins were isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Herbal Composition LI73014F2 Alleviates Articular Cartilage Damage and Inflammatory Response in Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

The aim of this study was to determine the anti-osteoarthritic effects of LI73014F2, which consists of Terminalia chebula fruit, Curcuma longa rhizome, and Boswellia serrata gum resin in a 2:1:2 ratio, in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model. LI73014F2 was orally administered once per day for three weeks. Weight-bearing distribution and arthritis index (AI) were measured once per week to confirm the OA symptoms. Synovial membrane, proteoglycan layer, and cartilage damage were investigated by histological examination, while synovial fluid interleukin-1β level was analyzed using a commercial kit. Levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the cartilage tissues were investigated to confirm the anti-osteoarthritic effects of LI73014F2. LI73014F2 significantly inhibited the MIA-induced increase in OA symptoms, synovial fluid cytokine, cartilage damage, and expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators/cytokines and MMPs in the articular cartilage. These results suggest that LI73014F2 exerts anti-osteoarthritic effects by regulating inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in MIA-induced OA rats.     

Separation of three phenolic high‐molecular‐weight compounds from the crude extract of Terminalia Chebula Retz. by ultrasound‐assisted extraction and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography

This study presents an efficient strategy for separation of three phenolic compounds with high molecular weight from the crude extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. by ultrasound‐assisted extraction and high‐speed counter‐current chromatography. The ultrasound‐assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the target compounds could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then the crude extract was directly separated by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography without any pretreatment using n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:7:0.5:3, v/v/v/v) as the solvent system. In 180 min, 13 mg of A, 18 mg of B, and 9 mg of C were obtained from 200 mg of crude sample. Their structures were identified as Chebulagic acid (A, 954 Da), Chebulinic acid (B, 956 Da), and Ellagic acid (C) by ¹H NMR spectroscopy.     

高速逆流色谱法分离制备中药诃子中的没食子酸

利用高速逆流色谱法从100 mg诃子醇提物中一次性分离制备得到8.6 mg没食子酸。通过分析型高速逆流色谱对5种溶剂系统进行筛选,确定以正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(体积比为1:5:1:5)为两相溶剂体系并放大到制备型上,以上相为固定相,下相为流动相,在主机转速850 r/min、流动相流速2 mL/min、检测波长254 nm的条件下进行分离制备,获得4个分离峰(组分Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)。经高效液相色谱检测,按照面积归一法计算,其中组分Ⅲ的纯度达96.40%。经电喷雾电离质谱分析,并结合与没食子酸标准品的高效液相色谱测定结果的对比,确定组分Ⅲ为没食子酸。该方法简便、快速、重复性好,适合于诃子中没食子酸的分离制备。