Effect of Neck Formation on the Measurement of Dynamic Interfacial Tension in a Drop Volume Tensiometer

Dynamic interfacial tension values obtained by drop volume tensiometry will be affected under certain experimental conditions by the formation of a neck between the drop and the capillary tip. This phenomenon must be accounted for to obtain accurate values of interfacial tension. In this work, neck formation for a water–mineral oil system is studied under conditions where hydrodynamic effects can be neglected. A model originally developed for the determination of the surface tension of a suspended drop is modified for application to dynamic interfacial tensions of surfactant-containing liquids. The model relates apparent values of interfacial tension calculated from drops possessing necks to actual values. Experiments with Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants in a mineral oil–water system are used to test the validity of the developed model. For the small tip diameter used, good agreement is obtained for Span 80 up to the critical micelle concentration, and for low concentrations of SDS, when the surfactant adsorption is diffusion-limited. In both cases, the neck diameter of the growing drop can be considered constant over the range of dynamic interfacial tensions tested.     

Effects of sorbitan monooleate on the interactions between cyclopentane hydrate particles and water droplets

The effects of a typical anti-agglomerant, sorbitan monooleate (Span80), on the interactions between cyclopentane (CyC5) hydrate particles and water droplets were investigated using a micromechanical force (MMF) apparatus. The concentration of Span80 in CyC5 was ranged from 0.01?wt% to 1?wt%, and the experimental temperature was set at 1.5°C and 7°C, respectively. The results indicate that the absorption of Span80 on the droplet surface can render the interfaces more stable, preventing hydrate agglomeration. When the preload/contact force exceeds the strength of the interface (相似文献   

典型表面活性剂结构和组成的波谱表征——山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯和聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯的波谱

用核磁共振波谱、质谱和红外光谱表征了非离子表面活性剂中山梨醇酐脂肪酯和聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯的结构特征和它们的组成。     

反应型非离子表面活性剂的制备及其组成和结构

以丙烯酸(AA)与硬脂酸单甘油酯(GMS)、油酸单甘油酯(A300)或油酸单山梨糖醇酐酯(Span 80)为起始物, 对甲苯磺酸为催化剂, 对苯二酚为阻聚剂, 制备了三类含有1-烯键的反应型表面活性剂. 通过反应体系中AA 的加料量及其残留量, 计算得到丙烯酸的转化率为91%以上, 制备的反应型非离子表面活性剂的收率达到80%以上. 用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和质谱对反应产物的组成和结构进行了表征, 确认获得了三类目标产物. 将这三类表面活性剂作为流滴剂与聚乙烯发生接枝反应后, 提高了聚乙烯的结晶温度, 降低了水在聚烯烃膜表面的接触角, 解决了聚乙烯农用棚膜的流滴期短的问题.     

Dual template approach for the synthesis of hierarchically mesocellular carbon foams

We demonstrated a simple and effective dual-templating approach for the synthesis of hierarchically mesocellular carbon foams by using nonionic surfactant of sorbitan monooleate and silica colloid particles as sacrificial templates, and resorcinol/ formaldehyde as carbon source. The representative carbon foam has dual mesopore sizes of 4 and 10 nm, and possesses the specific surface area of 580 m2/g and the total pore volume of 0.80 cm3/g.     

Separation of T-MAZ ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters by reverse phase chromatography

Summary The method for determination of T-MAZ ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters is described. This work demonstrates that with a less retentive C₈ alkyl bonded phase packing, reverse phase chromatography can be used to analyze nonionic polymer mixtures with a molecular weight range of 900 to 1500. Using a gradient elution, a complete separation of T-MAZ oligomers was achieved, comparable to that obtained by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC). Isocratic elution is used to quantify T-MAZ and the detection limit is 321 ppm, which is acceptable for polymers with high molecular weights and no UV-absorbing chromophores. This work also shows the comparison of the separations of T-MAZ using gel permeation chromatography and reverse phase chromatography.     

Recent developments in manufacturing emulsions and particulate products using membranes

Membrane emulsification (ME) is a relatively new technique for the highly controlled production of particulates. This review focuses on the recent developments in this area, ranging from the production of simple oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions to multiple emulsions of different types, solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) dispersions, coherent solids (silica particles, solid lipid microspheres, solder metal powder) and structured solids (solid lipid microcarriers, gel microbeads, polymeric microspheres, core-shell microcapsules and hollow polymeric microparticles). Other emerging technologies that extend the capabilities into different membrane materials and operation methods (such as rotating membranes, repeated membrane extrusion of coarsely pre-emulsified feeds) are introduced. The results of experimental work carried out by cited researchers in the field together with those of the current authors are presented in a tabular form in a rigorous and systematic manner. These demonstrate a wide range of products that can be manufactured using different membrane approaches. Opportunities for creation of new and novel entities are highlighted for low throughput applications (medical diagnostics, healthcare) and for large-scale productions (consumer and personal products).     

Review of: “Physico-Chemical Properties of Selected Anionic Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants”. N.M van Os,J.R. Haak and L.M. Rupert (Eds.). Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1993, pp. viii + 608 pages. $245.75.(ISBN 0-444-89691-0)

The phase behavior in water of pentaglycerol monostearate (C₁₈G₅) and pentaglycerol monooleate (C_18:1G₅) surfactants has been studied as a function of temperature and surfactant weight fraction, W _s . The equilibrium phases present at each composition and temperature studied were characterized by means of visual observation under normal and polarized light, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray scattering, both at small (SAXS) and at wide angle (WAXS). In the temperature range 0–46°C, C₁₈G₅ presents a thermotropic α‐gel structure. However, at higher temperatures, the α‐gel phase melts and a lamellar liquid crystalline (L_α) phase is formed. The amount of water that can be solubilized by α‐gel and L_α was determined by plotting the interlayer distance, d, as a function of the reciprocal of W _s . Water is soluble in the α‐gel phase up to 21 w/w% water concentration and in the L_α phase up to 30 w/w% water concentration. At higher water concentrations, excess water appears and a dispersion of α‐gel (α‐gel+W) and lamellar liquid crystal (L_α+W) in water is formed, respectively. In contrast, C_18:1G₅ is liquid in the whole range of temperatures studied (0–100°C). While at low temperatures, C_18:1G₅ presents a L_α structure, at about 63°C L_α melts and an isotropic liquid reverse micellar solution (O_m) phase is formed. The amount of water that can be solubilized by both O_m and L_α increases with temperature.     

Molecular Composition of Nonionic Vesicles Prepared from Span 80 or Span 85 by a Two‐Step Emulsification Method

The molecular compositions of the commercial nonionic surfactants Span 80 and Span 85 were analyzed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both surfactants are mixtures of fatty acid esters, containing monoesters, diesters, triesters, and tetraesters. While diesters dominate in the case of Span 80, Span 85 contains mainly tetraesters. Vesicles were prepared from Span 80 (or Span 85) by a two‐step emulsification method that involved homogenization and separation steps in which a portion of the surfactants was removed. The composition of the vesicles was analyzed by HPLC with respect to the different esters present. Although commercial Span 80 and Span 85 differ considerably in their molecular compositions, the ester profiles of the vesicles formed were in both cases rather similar and dominated by diesters. Therefore, the particular vesicle preparation method leads to a molecular selection of mainly those components that are prone to form bilayers.     

Analysis of sorbitan ester surfactants. Part II: Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

A rapid, simple and quantitative approach to the separation and identification of sorbitan ester surfactants has been developed using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The sorbitan ester surfactants were well separated into five groups: starting materials and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraesters, with each group consisting of a number of peaks representing different isomers. High purity glycerides of fatty acids were employed to estimate the relative response factors of sorbitan esters, and reliable group-wise integration served for quantitation of the distribution of sorbitan fatty acid esters. A very important parameter, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), which describes the hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics of surfactants, could be correlated with the distribution of the sorbitan esters. A combination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) and SFC was used to separate, concentrate, and analyze Span-20 from salt-water samples. In comparison with the HPLC method, capillary SFC broadens the scope of the technique to encompass high molecular weight sorbitan polyesters while maintaining high separation efficiency.