Effects of land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin, China

Soil aggregate stability as a key indicator of soil structure, is a product of interactions between soil environment, management practices, and land use patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various land use patterns on soil aggregate stability in Sichuan Basin of southwestern China. The dry- and water-stable aggregate size distributions were determined by manual dry sieving procedure and Yoder's wet sieving procedure, respectively, while microaggregates and its mechanical and chemical stabilities by Kachisky's method, oscillator method, and citrate-dithionate (C-D) reagent method, separately. The results indicated that fractal dimension and surface fractal dimension were useful indicators to reflect soil aggregate distribution. Land use patterns have an obvious influence on soil aggregate stability. In the study area, water stability, mechanical stability, and chemical stability followed the sequence, Barren landforestlandorchardcropland, and the original stability and collapse velocity were sensitive to soil properties and soil structure. The difference of aggregate stability under different land use patterns is mainly due to the intensity of human disturbance and cultivation. Improper land use patterns will lead to breakdown of unstable aggregates, producing finer and more-easily transportable particles and microaggregates. In the future, inappropriate cultivation and land use patterns should be changed to protect soil structure, to improve soil aggregate stability and soil fertility in Sichuan Basin.     

麻——八大味之一

The spicy taste is stimulated by sanshool when eating Sichuan pepper. α-Hydroxy sanshool is one of the main components of the sanshool derivatives. In this paper, in form of a short story, we introduced the basic properties, physiological functions and synthetic method of α-hydroxy sanshool and the mechanism of spicy taste which is stimulated by α-hydroxy sanshool.     

The adsorption of acidic gaseous pollutants on metal and nonmetallic surface studied by first-principles calculation: A review

The acidic gases such as SO₂, NO_x, H₂S and CO₂ are typical harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which are also the main sources of PM_2.5. The most widely used method of treating these gas molecules is to capture them with different adsorption materials, i.e., metal and nonmetallic materials such as MnO₂, MoS₂ and carbon-based materials. And doping transition metal atoms in adsorption materials are beneficial to the gas adsorption process. The first-principles calculation is a powerful tool for studying the adsorption properties of contaminant molecules on different materials at the molecular and atomic levels to understand surface adsorption reactions, adsorption reactivity, and structure-activity relationships which can provide theoretical guidance for laboratory researches and industrial applications. This review introduces the adsorption models and surface properties of these gas molecules on metal and nonmetallic surfaces by first-principles calculation in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide the theoretical guidance for experimental research and industrial application, and to inspire scientists to benefit from first-principles calculation for applying similar methods in future work.     

川西平原还田秸秆腐解释放DOM的光谱特征

为掌握川西平原保护性耕作模式下还田秸秆腐解过程的光谱学特性,追溯还田秸秆对川西地区生态系统结构的影响过程,采集了该地区主要种植作物油菜、水稻的秸秆样本,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)三种光谱学表征手段,阐明秸秆各腐解阶段溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱学特征,对比不同农作物秸秆快速淋溶阶段DOM(0~0.5 d)与腐解过程(0.5~90 d)的光谱学特征差异性,解析其变化机理。结果表明： 还田秸秆腐解过程中DOM的光谱学特性差异明显,伴随着芳香性物质的溶出、降解以及新生腐殖类物质的形成;由秸秆快速淋溶阶段释放DOM的E₂/E₃值最大而SUVA₂₅₄值最小可知该阶段溶出的物质芳香性和分子量相对较小;其芳香性组分的溶出主要集中在腐解前期(≤10 d),表现于该阶段E₂/E₃值逐渐减小且SUVA₂₅₄值逐渐增大,DOM中多糖峰、芳香C和酰胺峰变弱;难分解的纤维素、半纤维素和大分子蛋白质主要在腐解后期被降解;DOM中酚类、羰基类和羧酸类物质数量增加,使得DOM与有机污染物、金属离子的相互作用增强,进而调节农田土壤中污染物的迁移转化过程。本研究为川西平原秸秆还田的环境意义提供了基础数据和新证据,为该地区农业废弃物处理与资源化提供了依据。     

The Crystal Growth and Characteristics of Etched Figures on c { 0001 } Face of Tabular Beryl Crystal from Pinwu, China

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜（DIC）及扫描电镜（SEM）研究表明：各单形晶面上生长纹（微形貌）反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑（50～170μm）是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面（c）的生长层较薄（5～8μm）且较稳定,六方双锥（s）生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱（m）生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄（12～20μm）,台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面（c）、六方双锥（s）单形晶面由大变小,六方柱（a）、复六方双锥（v、n）单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱（LRS）分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温（303℃）、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。     

川西平落雷口坡组海相碳酸盐的锶同位素地球化学特征

通过对平落4井雷口坡组段的岩心进行锶同位素组成的实验分析,研究了含卤碳酸盐地层物源贡献与沉积环境的演化,以及后期深部热液活动可能对富钾卤水形成所施加的影响.结果表明,区内海相碳酸盐w(87Sr)/w(86 Sr)值的变化,主要受二叠纪末峨眉山玄武岩浆喷发和印支期隆升导致四川盆地由"洋盆"向"孤盆"演化的地质构造背景所制...     

HPLC测定川菊中绿原酸的含量

建立川菊中绿原酸含量的检测方法。采用高效液相色谱法,以绿原酸为指标,DiamonsilTMC18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);0.1mol·L-1的NaH2PO4-CH3OH(7.3∶2.7)为流动相,检测波长为326nm。平均回收率为101.5%,RSD=4.8%。进样量在0.092—0.552μg,线性关系良好,r=0.9989。该方法简便、稳定、重现性好,为菊花质量的控制提供参考。     

川东北元坝地区陆相气地球化学特征及来源

川东北元坝地区近年来在上三叠统须家河组（T3x）及中下侏罗统千佛崖组（J2q）和自流井组（J1z）陆相地层发现工业性气藏.它们的化学成分和碳同位素组成存在明显差别,具有不同的成因和来源.须家河组天然气烷烃中以甲烷为主,干燥系数在0.96以上.其上、下部地层天然气碳同位素组成变化显著,T3x3~5气层乙烷碳同位素较重,δ13C2值（-25.2‰~-20.7‰）均大于-26‰,为典型的高 过成熟煤型气;而T3x1~2天然气δ13C2值大多数小于-28‰,主要在-32‰~-28‰,具有高 过成熟煤型气与过成熟油型气混合气的特点.J1z地层天然气干燥系数大都在0.95以上,δ13C2值在-28.2‰~-21.4‰,属不同成熟度的煤型混合气.J2q地层天然气干燥系数都在085以下,热演化程度较低.其乙烷δ13C值分布在-32.3‰~-31.4‰,为典型的（高）成熟油型气.在对天然气区域性对比基础上,通过与本区烃源岩的碳同位素组成的对比认为,T3x3~5天然气源自本层位煤系烃源岩,而T3x1~2天然气除源于所在地层气源外,可能混有下部海相天然气;侏罗系天然气主要为自生自储气.     

Influence factors studies on the Rh-Catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones with surfactant-type ligand in water

The influence factors of surfactant-type catalysts system on the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of ketones in water, including the length of aliphatic tail, the concentration of catalysts and the solvent, have been investigated. These factors played significant roles on reaction activity and stereo control. With single-chain surfactant-type catalyst Rh-L4, α, β-unsaturated ketones especially the aliphatic derivatives affords excellent regioselectivities and enantioselectivities.     

基于新课程的四川省普通高中化学教师培训需求的调查

以问卷的形式调查了四川省普通高中化学教师的培训需求。结果表明，其培训需求既有共性，即课程标准、微课制作、教学研究方法等；也有差异性，即教学行为、教学设计、评价方式等。因此，建议构建培训方案时，在充分考虑共性和差异性的基础上，选择培训内容，确定培训形式，安排具体的培训时间、频率，以达到增强培训针对性和有效性的目的。