Study on the Interaction between Gatifloxacin Mesylate and Salmon Sperm DNA by Fluorescence Method

The interaction between gatifloxacin mesylate (GM) and salmon sperm DNA was studied by fluorescence spectrometry and ultra‐violet (UV) spectrometry. Additions of salmon sperm DNA to GM solution resulted in its strong fluorescence quenching and UV absorbance decrease due to the strong interaction between GM and salmon sperm DNA. Both the maximum fluorescence emission wavelength and the maximum UV absorbance wavelength of GM did not change with the increasing concentration of salmon sperm DNA, indicating no intercalative binding existed between them. The Stern‐Volmer plot indicated that the fluorescence‐quenching constant at different temperatures or different salmon sperm DNA concentration ranges was different. Effects of ionic strength and I^? on the fluorescence quenching of GM by salmon sperm DNA indicated that electrostatic interaction and groove binding coexisted between them.     

Speciation of mercury in salmon egg cell cytoplasm in relation with metallomics research

Speciation of mercury in salmon egg cell cytoplasm was investigated by surfactant-mediated high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS), where an ODS (octadecylsilica) column coated with a bile acid derivative, CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate), was used for species separation. Prior to the speciation analysis, total Hg in the cell cytoplasm was determined by ICP-MS at m/z 202 in a flow injection mode. For the precise measurement, salmon egg cell cytoplasm was diluted five-fold with 0.1 M Tris (Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane)-HNO₃ buffer solution, and the standard addition method was employed. Thus, the total concentration of Hg in cell cytoplasm was estimated to be 12.4 ng g⁻¹ on the wet weight basis. Next, the cell cytoplasm diluted five-fold with 0.1 M Tris-HNO₃ buffer solution was analyzed by surfactant-mediated HPLC with the dual detection system of a UV absorption detector and an ICP-MS instrument. Two peaks corresponding to some proteins and small molecules were mainly observed in those chromatograms. When salmon egg cell cytoplasm was diluted five-fold with 0.01 M Tris buffer solution or pure water, some precipitates appeared probably because of precipitation of hydrophobic proteins in cytoplasm. After the precipitates were eliminated with a membrane filter, the filtrate was subjected to the analysis by surfactant-mediated HPLC/UV/ICP-MS. As a result, the peaks for small molecular species of Hg were clearly observed at the retention time near 4.0 min (corresponding to low-molecular weight zone) in the chromatograms with UV absorption detection as well as with Hg- and S-specific ICP-MS detections. The small molecule bound with Hg was identified as cysteine through the cysteine-spiked experiment. In addition, the protein fraction on the chromatogram obtained by using the CHAPS-coated ODS column was further analyzed by SEC (size exclusion chromatography). Consequently, several protein peaks with molecular weight of 300, 50 and 12 kDa were observed in all the detections of UV absorption, Hg and Se, although two peaks among them were coincident in the case of S. These results indicate that Hg in salmon egg cell cytoplasm binds with proteins containing selenocysteine and/or cysteine residues in proteins.     

质谱法测定鲑鱼降钙素及其类似物

应用快原子轰击质谱（ＦＡＢ＿ＭＳ）、电喷雾质谱（ＥＳＩ＿ＭＳ）及基质辅助激光解吸附飞行时间质谱（ＭＡＬＤＩ＿ＴＯＦ＿ＭＳ）分别测定了鲑鱼降钙素类似物，得到了准确的分子质量信息，并对这３种方法的准确度及灵敏度进行了比较。     

Simultaneous screening and confirmation of multiple classes of drug residues in fish by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry

LC-ion trap mass spectrometry was used to screen and confirm 38 compounds from a variety of drug classes in four species of fish: trout, salmon, catfish, and tilapia. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and hexane. The acetonitrile phase was evaporated, redissolved in water and acetonitrile, and analyzed by gradient chromatography on a phenyl column. MS² or MS³ spectra were monitored for each compound. Qualitative method performance was evaluated by the analysis over several days of replicate samples of control fish, fish fortified with a drug mixture at 1 ppm, 0.1 ppm and 0.01 ppm, and fish dosed with a representative from each drug class. Half of the 38 drugs were confirmed at 0.01 ppm, the lowest fortification level. This included all of the quinolones and fluoroquinolones, the macrolides, malachite green, and most of the imidazoles. Florfenicol amine, metronidazole, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and most of the betalactams were confirmed at 0.1 ppm. Ivermectin and penicillin G were only detectable in the 1 ppm fortified samples. With the exception of amoxicillin, emamectin, metronidazole, and tylosin, residue presence was confirmed in all the dosed fish.     

Study on a hidden protein-DNA binding in salmon sperm DNA sample by dynamic kinetic capillary isoelectric focusing

Nuclease P1 is an important enzyme that hydrolyzes RNA or single-stranded DNA into nucleotides, and complete digestion is an essential basis for assays based on this enzyme. To digest a doubled-stranded DNA, the enzyme is usually combined with heat denaturing, which breaks doubled-stranded DNA into single strands. This paper presents an un-expected phenomenon that nuclease P1, in combination with heat denaturing, fails to completely digest a DNA sample extracted from salmon sperm. Under the experimental conditions used, at which nuclease P1 can completely digest calf thymus DNA, the digestion yield of salmon sperm DNA was only 89.5%. Spectrometric measurement indicated that a total protein of 4.7% is present in the DNA sample. To explain the reason for this phenomenon, the dynamic kinetic capillary isoelectric focusing (DK-CIEF) approach proposed previously, which allows for the discrimination of different types of protein-DNA interactions and the measurement of the individual dissociation rate constants, was modified and applied to examine possible protein-DNA interactions involved. It was found that a non-specific DNA-protein binding occurs in the sample, the dissociation rate constant for which was measured to be 7.05 ± 0.83 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹. The formation of DNA-protein complex was suggested to be the main reason for the incomplete digestion of the DNA sample. The modified DK-CIEF approach can be applied as general DNA samples, with the advantages of fast speed and low sample consumption.     

Application of support vector machines to 1H NMR data of fish oils: methodology for the confirmation of wild and farmed salmon and their origins

Support vector machines (SVMs) were used as a novel learning machine in the authentication of the origin of salmon. SVMs have the advantage of relying on a well-developed theory and have already proved to be successful in a number of practical applications. This paper provides a new and effective method for the discrimination between wild and farm salmon and eliminates the possibility of fraud through misrepresentation of the country of origin of salmon. The method requires a very simple sample preparation of the fish oils extracted from the white muscle of salmon samples. (1)H NMR spectroscopic analysis provides data that is very informative for analysing the fatty acid constituents of the fish oils. The SVM has been able to distinguish correctly between the wild and farmed salmon; however ca. 5% of the country of origins were misclassified.     

应用近红外高光谱成像预测三文鱼肉的水分含量

应用近红外高光谱成像技术实现三文鱼肉水分含量的快速无损检测。采集来自不同部位的三文鱼肉共90个样本的高光谱图像,提取样本感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱。随机取60个样本作为建模集,其余30个样本作为预测集。分别采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)对全波段和水分含量建立相关性模型,并对预测集样本的水分含量进行预测。再用一种新的变量提取方法random frog选择特征波长,并基于特征波长分别建立水分检测的PLSR和LS-SVM模型。特征波长模型的预测精度虽然稍逊于全波段模型,但是仅用12个变量代替了全波段的151个变量,大大简化了模型,更便于实际应用。PLSR和LS-SVM特征波长模型的预测相关系数(R_p)分别为0.92和0.93,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为1.31%和1.18%,取得了满意的结果。研究表明,近红外高光谱成像与化学计量学方法结合可以准确预测三文鱼肉的水分含量,为鱼肉品质的快速监测提供重要的参考。     

Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Studies on Interaction between Complex of Copper(Ⅱ) with Schiff Base Ligand and DNA

The crystal structure of ( [CuL (H2O) 2 ] (ClO4) 2 · 2H2O, CuL) (L ＝ N- (5-sulfosalicylidene)-4' -bromoaniline) was determined by means of X-ray crystallography. The interaction between CuL and salmon sperm DNA in a 0. 1 mol/L HOAc-NaOAc buffer solution (pH 5.10) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy. A couple of redox peaks of CuL in the cyclic voltammograms(CV) can be seen at the glassy carbon electrode. It was found that the peak current of CuL decreased significantly with a negative shift of the peak potential in the presence of DNA compared with that in the absence of DNA. In addition,the decreased absorbance of CuL was observed with increasing the concentration of DNA; the absorption spectrum of an ethidium bromide(EB)-DNA system inthe presence of CuL confirms that the binding mode of CuL to DNA is different from the intercalation of EB with DNA. All the experimental results indicate that CuL can bind to DNA by electrostatic binding and form a 1:1 association complex with a binding constant of 2.72×104 L/mol.     

The potential of Raman spectroscopy for characterisation of the fatty acid unsaturation of salmon

Raman spectroscopy has been evaluated for characterisation of the degree of fatty acid unsaturation (iodine value) of salmon (Salmo salar). The Norwegian Quality Cuts from 50 salmon samples were obtained, and the samples provided an iodine value range of 147.8-170.0 g I₂/100 g fat, reflecting a normal variation of farmed salmon. Raman measurements were performed both on different spots of the intact salmon muscle, on ground salmon samples as well as on oil extracts, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) was utilised for calibration. The oil spectra provided better iodine value predictions than the other data sets, and a correlation coefficient of 0.87 with a root mean square error of cross-validation of 2.5 g I₂/100 g fat was achieved using only one PLSR component. The ground samples provided comparable results, but at least two PLSR components were needed. Higher prediction errors were obtained from Raman spectra of intact salmon muscle, and this may partly be explained by sampling uncertainties in the relation between Raman measurements and reference analysis. All PLSR models obtained were based on chemically sound regression coefficients, and thus information regarding fatty acid unsaturation is readily available from Raman spectra even in systems with high contents of protein and water. The accuracy, the robustness and the low complexity of the PLSR models obtained suggest Raman spectroscopy as a promising method for rapid in-process control of the degree of unsaturation in salmon samples.     

Effect of high pressure processing on the preservation of frozen and re-thawed sliced cod (Gadus morhua) and salmon (Salmo salar) fillets

Cod and salmon are both widely found in the seafood market, but those products are easily spoiled. This work reports on the investigation of the effects of three moderate pressure values (150, 300 and 450?MPa) applied for 5?min at 20°C on crude sliced cod and salmon fillets. It was found that high pressure processing (HPP) significantly reduced the microbial load during refrigerated storage for up to 14 days. As expected, the most effective treatment was 450?MPa because it inhibited microbial growth. This process affected the hardness, lightness, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation and oxidation. The fish muscle composition (lipid amount and protein profile) played a main role in the changes promoted by pressure. HPP permits the shelf life of the raw product at 4°C to be increased with minimal changes in the organoleptic characteristics and to enable crude consumption.