An overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of antibiotics in environmental waters

The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. The concern over the release of antibiotics into the environment is related primarily to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms. This article presents an overview of analytical methodologies for the determination of quinolone (Qs) and fluoroquinolone (FQs), macrolide (MLs), tetracycline (TCs), sulfonamide (SAs) antibiotics and trimethoprim (TMP) in different environmental waters. The analysis of these antibiotics has usually been carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and to a lesser extent by ultraviolet (UV) or fluorescence detection (FD). A very important step before LC analysis is sample preparation and extraction leading to elimination of interferences and prevention of matrix effect and preconcentration of target analytes.     

光谱相似性制图(SSM)用于成像光谱图像处理的研究

将光谱相似性制图(SSM)用于成像光谱图像的处理,通过对真假叶片以及混合在一起的藻类的成像光谱图像的SSM处理,证明了SSM方法在甄别光学伪装和藻类鉴别及计数两方面具有很高的有效性,从而证明了SSM方法用于处理成像光谱图像上的优越性。同时,该方法还可用于其他方面成像光谱数据的处理,对扩展成像光谱的应用范围具有重要的意义。     

阴极催化剂Sm1.5Sr0.5MO4 (M＝Ni, Co, Fe)在低温常压下合成氨

利用溶胶—凝胶法制备了复合氧化物Sm1.5Sr0.5MO4 (M＝Ni, Co, Fe)(SSM),并利用XRD和SEM等对样品进行表征。用Nafion膜作电解质、以SSM作为阴极、Ni-SDC金属陶瓷为阳极、银-铂网做集流体组成单电池,在温度为25℃～100℃的低温常压下以干燥氮气和湿的氢气为原料进行电化学合成氨气测定,同时研究了影响氨合成的关键因素,确定了合适的工作温度,实验结果表明,最高氨产率可达到1.05×10-8mol·s-1·cm-2。     

Structuring an MCDA model using SSM: A case study in energy efficiency

This work presents the use of a problem structuring method, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), to structure a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model, aimed at appraising energy efficiency initiatives. SSM was useful to help defining clearly the decision problem context and the main actors involved, as well as to unveil the relevant objectives for each stakeholder. Keeney’s Value Focused Thinking approach was then used to refine and structure the list of objectives according to the perspective of the main evaluators identified. In addition to describing this particular case study, this paper aims at providing some general guidelines on how SSM may facilitate the emergence of objectives for MCDA models.     

New analytic solutions to 2D transient heat conduction problems with/without heat sources in the symplectic space

The two-dimensional (2D) transient heat conduction problems with/without heat sources in a rectangular domain under different combinations of temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are studied by a novel symplectic superposition method (SSM). The solution process is within the Hamiltonian system framework such that the mathematical procedures in the symplectic space can be implemented, which provides an exceptional direct rigorous derivation without any assumptions or predetermination of the solution forms compared with the conventional inverse/semi-inverse methods. The distinctive advantage of the SSM offers an access to new analytic heat conduction solutions. The results obtained by the SSM agree well with those obtained from the finite element method (FEM), which confirms the accuracy of the SSM.     

SSM的改进及其泉州区域经济不平衡发展分析

引进SSM(偏离-份额分析法)研究区域经济不平衡发展,发现当前普遍采用的基于研究初末期的SSM算法有缺陷,因此,提出改进算法.根据全国第一、二次经济普查,以泉州区域经济发展为参照,应用改进的SSM,从县域经济及其产业的规模、结构与竞争效果等,分析2004-2008年泉州区域经济不平衡发展及原因.     

Messing about in transformations: Structured systemic planning for systemic solutions to systemic problems

The literature on multimethodology indicates that cognitive mapping is relevant to enriching the preliminary, information-gathering phase of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), and especially the rich picture. By noting the structural complementarity evidenced between SSM’s transformations and the bipolar constructs used in the cognitive mapping methodology known as Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA), this paper shows how SODA can be applied beyond SSM’s initial stage, and much more analytically within the heart of SSM, to guide the manner in which a systemic resolution to a problematic situation may be approached. It is proposed, and illustrated through examples, that a SODA map of large numbers of transformations, resulting from an exercise in SSM, offers a methodological means for structuring what might otherwise be perceived as a mess. The paper discusses how in such cases ‘strategic options development and analysis’ of transformations, or SODA-T maps, serve, among other things, to identify relations between transformations, their hierarchies and priorities, problem epicenters and starting points for intervention. In addition, the arsenal of graph theory can be used to cut through what would otherwise appear as interlinked chaos requiring structured operationalization. In this respect, the SODA-T map offers a high-level connective orientation which can guide the interconnections between the respective human activity systems of the transformations, resulting in the final systemic plan. Ultimately, SODA-T mapping is shown to facilitate a structured approach toward systemic planning.