多指标决策的较多最优方案与较多非劣方案

本文介绍了由比较因素决定的较多序与方案的比较因子，并在较多序的基础上定义了较多最优方案与非劣方案．同时对其存在性、控制结构集、几何条件、局部较多最优方案与非劣方案及其存在性、算法等进行了讨论．     

Certified reference materials for the quality control of environmental analysis within the standards,measurements and testing programme (formerly BCR)

A great number of analyses is performed every year, the results of which are used for many purposes, e.g. the quality of goods and food, the status of quality of the environment or the health of patients. The accuracy of these results is a prerequisite for a good interpretation of the data obtained. One of the most powerful tool for achieving quality control of chemical analysis is to use reference materials (RMs) and certified reference materials (CRMs). These materials are necessary for one or more of the following items: method validation (CRMs), monitoring of the state of statistical control (RMs), samples in inter-comparisons (RMs), etc. The requirements and use of RMs and CRMs in chemical analysis are described, with special emphasis on environmental analysis, and some examples of environmental materials currently in production within the Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly BCR) of the European Commission are given.     

Is the new ECTS system better than the traditional one? An application to the ECTS pilot-project at the University Pablo de Olavide

At the meeting of the joint Bologna Declaration, EU representatives agreed on the establishment of a common European Higher Education Area by 2010. Since then, several universities have implemented pilot projects, although no formal research has been carried out to analyse their results. In this study, we analysed one of these pilot-projects with two objectives. First, we examined the performance of the new system as compared to that of the traditional system. We used a procedure based on a modified model of Data Envelopment Analysis that is able to distinguish students’ efficiency (managerial efficiency) from efficiency based on the educational programme used (programme efficiency). Then we analysed whether the different systems perform differently for different types of students.     

Organic coffee discrimination with INAA and data mining/KDD techniques: new perspectives for coffee trade

Samples of green coffee (Coffea arabica) produced in the crop year 1999/2000 in Minas Gerais state, Brazil, were analyzed for the elements Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, S, Sc, and Zn using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), in an attempt to establish fingerprints of organically grown coffee. Using data mining/KDD techniques the elements Br, Ca, Cs, Co, Mn, and Rb were found to be suited as markers for discrimination of organic from conventional coffees. Received: 12 April 2002 Accepted: 31 July 2002 Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the financial support supplied by FAPESP and CNPq; and TUDelft for granting a research fellowship to Mr. Tagliaferro. Thanks are also given to MINASCOFFEE for supplying the coffee samples, and to an anonymous referee for valuable comments.     

从IB化学谈IBDP课程与国外大学的衔接

国际文凭大学预科课程（IBDP课程）是在全球被认可的具有较高学业水平的大学预科项目，以IBDP化学课程为切入点，从课程目标、课程大纲与要求、课程评估方式，结合大学对IBDP课程的认可来进行全面分析，探讨IBDP课程的设置与国外大学的衔接。     

从PISA视角分析新加坡初中Discover Chemistry教材中的科学探究思想

基于2015年经济合作与发展组织公布的PISA测试的最新结果，以及新加坡学生的科学成绩，结合新加坡初中科学教学大纲对新加坡初中化学教材中体现的科学探究思想进行分析。以Discover Chemistry教材为素材，从中选取实验类、调查类、反思和交流类探究活动，挖掘其蕴含的科学素养，分析教材中的探究思想，旨在为我国教科书中的科学探究内容的编写与修改提供启示，也为教师和学生开展有效的探究活动提供借鉴。     

Attitude toward mathematics among the students at Nazarbayev University Foundation Year Programme

This article investigates the attitude toward mathematics among the students enrolled in the Foundation Year Programme at Nazarbayev University. The study is conducted quantitatively and an inventory developed by Tapia and Marsh II is adopted in this research. The inventory consists of 40 statements on the five-point Likert scale. Gender, specialization and final high school score in mathematics are collected. The number of valid returned questionnaires is 108. There are 55 males, 53 females, 73 Mathematical-Physics (MP), 22 Biology-Chemistry (BC) and 13 International Relations-Economics (IRE) students. Generally, they have a positive attitude toward mathematics, with the score mean and standard deviation are 3.999 and 0.531 out of five, respectively. We confirm a hypothesis on a positive correlation between previous high achievement in mathematics and favorable attitude toward it. The correlation value is r = 0.300, its effect size is medium and it is extremely significant (p-value = 0.0008 < 0.001). There is no significant difference between male and female students in terms of their attitude toward mathematics (t = 0.6804, p-value = 002489 > 0.05). There is a very significant difference between students who specialize in IRE and MP in terms of their attitude toward mathematics (F(2, 105) = 5.6848, p-value = 0.0045 < 0.01).     

Composition and authentication of virgin olive oil from French PDO regions by chemometric treatment of Raman spectra

The search for the origin and the authentication of virgin olive oils (VOOs) is a problem of topical interest. VOOs with the protected designation of origin (PDO) label can be subject to fraudulent practices owing to high price commanded by these oils. This work evaluates the capability of confocal Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric treatments for determining the fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions of VOOs and for authenticating the PDO labels of six French VOOs. Fatty acid and TAG compositions were determined by chemometric analysis of the Raman spectra using the partial least square (PLS) algorithms. Predictions have provided good results on the high percentage compounds, but for the fatty acids at very low percentages the predicted results were very poor. The PLS‐discriminant analysis model on Raman spectra was able to correctly classify 92.3% of French PDOs and 100% of PDO samples made with only one principal cultivar. However, it was noticeable that the first regression coefficient (which explains the greatest amount of variation of the data) obtained for each PDO could be compared one by one with the first regression coefficient obtained for the quantitative analysis of fatty acids and TAGs. The first regression coefficients obtained for PDOs differed widely from each other. Their study allowed interpreting the PDOs according to their chemical composition. This work confirms that fatty acid and TAG percentages may be used to authenticate French VOOs into PDOs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壳聚糖钯催化Heck反应合成肉桂酸丁酯的研究

以天然高分子壳聚糖为载体,制得了用于Heck反应的壳聚糖钯配合物多相催化剂,用XPS对其结构进行了表征,并利用正交实验方法考察了原料配比、缚酸剂三乙胺的用量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂的用量对碘代苯与丙烯酸丁酯Heck反应的影响.结果表明:反应因素的影响大小为:反应温度>原料配比>三乙胺用量>催化剂的用量>反应时间;在最佳的反应条件下:碘代苯与丙烯酸丁酯的摩尔比为1∶1、三乙胺9mmol、催化剂0.1g(钯含量1.88×10-2mmol)时,氮气保护下140℃反应8h,肉桂酸丁酯的产率可高达99.8%.并且该催化剂对其它丙烯酸酯的Heck反应也具有良好的催化活性.     

Immobilization of cholesterol oxidase to finely dispersed silica-coated maghemite nanoparticles based magnetic fluid

In the recent years, the potential applicability of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has witnessed a significant increase in interest towards the medical field, in particular, towards the usage of novel nanoparticles in diagnostics and disease treatment, respectively. In a present study, cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was covalently immobilized to magnetic nanoparticles of maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) and further functionalized by silica (SiO₂) and amino-silane molecules. The activity of the bound enzyme was retained up to 60%, respectively. The binding of cholesterol oxidase was confirmed using FT-IR spectrophotometer. SEM analysis showed uniformly dispersed functional magnetic nanoparticles, which ranged in size from 22.5 to 50.8 nm, surrounded by amorphous silica. In this paper, the potential applications of chemically modified magnetic nanoparticles as carriers for cholesterol oxidase and other enzymes are discussed.