Analytical techniques for cyanide in blood and published blood cyanide concentrations from healthy subjects and fire victims

Hydrogen cyanide can be produced by the pyrolysis of man-made polymers. Cyanide has been measured in the blood of healthy adults as well as the blood of fire survivors and fatalities. In healthy subjects the blood cyanide concentration of smokers is higher than that of non-smokers. Fire survivors and fatalities have been found to have higher cyanide levels than of control groups and the levels from fire fatalities are often higher than survivors. Blood concentrations quoted as normal, toxic or fatal are highly variable in the literature. Many studies have been performed to measure the blood cyanide levels in control subjects as well as those who have been exposed to fire but the values found differ. The values for control subjects can vary from none detected to 19 μmol dm⁻³ while those for fire survivors range from not detected to 150 μmol dm⁻³ and fatalities range from not detected to 284 μmol dm⁻³. Analytical techniques and published data are critically reviewed.Many of the existing antidotes for cyanide poisoning are highly toxic themselves and should ideally be administered at doses proportional to the amount of cyanide a patient has received to avoid compounding damage done by cyanide intoxication. For this reason, a rapid, accurate bedside assay of blood cyanide concentration that differentiates between bound and free cyanide would represent a leap forward in the clinical management of cyanide poisoning.     

O,O,S-三甲基硫赶磷酸酯在甲胺磷中毒检验中的应用

利用气相色诤质谱(GC-MS)分析了甲胺磷中毒者的检材(血，胃内容物)，均检出了O，O，S-三甲基硫赶磷酸酯，确未检出过甲胺磷。研究了这一现象的原因和确定了O，O，S-三甲基硫赶磷酸酯(O，O，S-TMTP)可作为甲胺磷中毒的佐证物。     

铬天青S分光光度法测定2B笔内芯中可溶性铅

铅是一种积累性毒物,铅中毒已成为全世界人类发展与环境保护的重要问题之一.铅在铅笔中的含量不容忽视.已有不少学者对铅笔表面涂漆层中铅含量进行了测定,而测定铅笔内芯中可溶性铅含量的论文相对较少.本文采用可见分光光度法测定了铅笔内芯中可溶性铅的含量.操作方法容易,准确度较高.     

一阶导数光谱法测定食用植物油中桐油掺混的研究

本文建立花生油、豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油、茶油和食用调和油（由菜籽油、花生油和芝麻油组成）等食用植物油中桐油掺混的一阶导数光谱定性定量测定方法。桐油的一阶导数光谱特征是：２９１３、２７８３和２６６４ｎｍ处各有一峰谷，２８４１、２７１５和２６０７ｎｍ处各有一峰顶。２９１３ｎｍ处的（ΔＥ１％１ｃｍ／Δλ）值为－１０３×１０３。当食用植物油的桐油掺率低至０１％，桐油的上述光谱特征仍然明显存在，波长的改变值≤０７ｎｍ。桐油掺混率的检出限＜０１％。     

STM studies of cyclohexene hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and its poisoning by carbon monoxide on Pt(1 1 1)

A scanning tunneling microscope that can be operated in ultra high vacuum (<10⁻⁹ Torr) as well as at high pressures (1 − 10³ Torr) has been utilized to study the structures formed by cyclic C₆ hydrocarbons adsorbed on a platinum (1 1 1) crystal surface. Catalytic reactions of cyclohexene were also studied in the presence of hydrogen at pressures (up to 200 mTorr) and 300 K-350 K temperature range. Cyclohexane and cyclohexene produced the same adsorbed structure, which is attributed to the partially dehydrogenated π-allyl (C₆H₉). 1,3-Cyclohexadiene produced structures similar to those produced by benzene. In contrast 1,4-cyclohexadiene forms a structure that we attribute to intact molecular 1,4-cyclohexadiene. During reaction the STM images appear disordered, indicative of rapid diffusion of surface species. Addition of 5 mTorr of CO stops the catalytic activity and forms an ordered structure on the surface.     

麻痹性贝毒产毒藻株的三维荧光光谱识别技术研究

利用三维荧光光谱技术,研究了以微小亚历山大藻 （台湾株）（AMSY）、塔玛亚历山大藻（大亚湾株）（ATDY）、链状裸甲藻（防城港株）（GCFC）、塔玛亚历山大藻（香港株）（ATHK）、链状亚历山大藻（南海株）（ACSY）5株4种产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)微藻以及21株不产PSP藻在不同温度条件下培养微藻的各生长期产毒能力与三维荧光的关系。研究结果表明,在不同温度条件下,产毒藻类单位藻细胞产毒量会发生显著变化,低温可促进麻痹性贝毒的产生。通过Db7小波分解,选取Ca3尺度分量的联合荧光谱作为特征谱并利用Fisher判别发现,产PSP藻与不产PSP藻荧光差异主要集中在λ_ex为400~425和450~545nm;λ_em为715~750 nm的波段,利用判别函数建立判别式,实现了对产麻痹性贝类毒素藻类的识别测定。对产PSP毒素藻类的判别率达到93.7%,不产PSP毒素藻类判别率达到93.3% ,综合判别率为93.5%。该研究可实现对水体中活体产PSP微藻的快速识别,为进一步开发产毒微藻识别仪提供理论基础。     

PtY／Al2O3催化剂活性中心初探

铂铼、铂锡、铂铱等双金属催化剂已有报道,但有关以稀土金属为第2或第3组分的重整催化剂的报道尚很少见,本文报道用中毒法对PtY/Al_2O_3的金属活性中心性质的研究,试图探讨其活性中心与催化性质的某些联系。 1 实验部分 按文献[1]制备催化剂,其中Pt、Y、Cl含量分别为0.3、0.1、1.0 wt％,使用前不焙烧,比     

钠盐对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂NH_3-SCR反应活性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2催化剂,并通过浸渍不同浓度的Na_2SO_4和NaCl,研究了不同的钠盐种类及含量对催化剂NH_3-SCR反应活性的影响,以考察催化剂的抗碱性,并采用BET、XRD、XPS、FT-IR和NH_3-TPD等测试技术对催化剂进行了结构与性能表征.研究结果表明钠盐降低了催化剂的比表面积,导致催化剂表面V~(5+)=O和V-OH酸性位点数量以及表面化学吸附氧含量降低,从而降低了催化剂的反应活性.催化剂钠盐中毒后NO转化率显著降低,脱硝温度窗口变窄.     

Catalytic properties of a mixed calcium-cobalt orthophosphate, II. Determination of the active sites in propan-2-OL dehydrogenation

The effect of acidic (phenol) and basic (pyridine) poisons as well as that of water on propan-2-ol dehydrogenation were used to determine the nature of the active sites in the most active catalyst found in the mixed calcium-cobalt orthophosphate system, Ca_3−xCo_x(PO₄)₂, with x=0.32. A mechanism for catalyst action is discussed in light of the results obtained.     

A spin-coated TiOx/Pt nanolayered anodic catalyst for the direct formic acid fuel cells

The CO poisoning of the platinum anodic catalyst which typically functions the catalytic deterioration of the direct formic acid fuel cells could be minimized with a simple modification for Pt with titanium oxide. The fabrication scheme involved the spin-coating of a Ti precursor onto a Pt thin layer that was physically sputtered onto a Si substrate. The whole assembly was subjected to a post-annealing processing to produce the TiOx layer (60 nm) in a porous structure (mostly Anatase) atop of the Pt surface. The porous nature of the TiOx layer permitted the participation of Pt in the electrocatalysis of the formic acid electro–oxidation (FAO). The annealing temperature was critical in identifying the catalytic efficiency and durability of the catalyst toward the FAO. Interestingly, if compared to bare-Pt substrates, the TiOx-modified catalysts could successfully steer the FAO toward the direct dehydrogenation (favorable and less energetic) pathway with more than an order of magnitude increase in the catalytic activity. It also provided a great opportunity for the mitigation of poisoning CO; concurrently with a lowering (~0.3 V) in the onset potential of the FAO. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were all combined to evaluate, respectively, the catalyst’s morphology, composition, crystal structure and activity and further to understand the role of the TiOx in the catalytic enhancement.