Synthesis of the common left-half part of pectenotoxins

The common left-half [C31-C33(OC1-C7)-C40] part of pectenotoxins has been synthesized convergently from the C31-C35, C36-C40, and C1-C7 parts. The C31-C35 part, prepared via a new route shorter than our previous route, was coupled with the C36-C40 part through reductive lithiation and addition reactions to give an adduct stereoselectively, which was converted to a cyclic acetal corresponding to the C31-C40 part. The left-half was synthesized by a three-step process including esterification of the C31-C40 part with the C1-C7 part.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定海水悬浮颗粒物中的8种典型脂溶性藻毒素

海水悬浮颗粒物对海洋环境中污染物的迁移转化有着重要的影响,在海水悬浮颗粒物上富集的脂溶性藻毒素会严重的毒害海洋滤食性生物。本研究建立了海水悬浮颗粒物中8种典型脂溶性藻毒素同步测定的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱( UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。海水悬浮颗粒物样品经甲醇超声辅助提取后,以5 mmol/L 乙酸铵水溶液和乙腈为流动相,经1.7微米C18色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾串联质谱( ESI-MS/MS)多反应监测( MRM )模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在最佳实验条件下,8种目标物在5 min内分离良好,加标回收率在83.8%~110.4%之间,方法具有良好的精密度(相对标准偏差( RSD)≤14.1%)和灵敏度(检出限介于2.9~103 pg/g之间),在线性范围内,相关系数(R2)均大于0.996,能满足海水悬浮颗粒物中8种典型脂溶性藻毒素同步检测的要求。采用本方法初步分析了青岛沿岸海域海水悬浮颗粒物中的脂溶性藻毒素,其中PTX2被检出,含量最高可达790 pg/g(干重)。     

Synthesis of the C8-C20 and C21-C30 segments of pectenotoxin 2

In this study, we synthesized the C8-C20 and C21-C30 segments of the diarrhetic shellfish toxin pectenotoxin 2. The C8-C20 segment was assembled from a phosphonate corresponding to the C8-C15 segment (prepared from l-malic acid in 19 steps) and an aldehyde corresponding to the C16-C20 segment (synthesized from 3-methyl-3-butenol in nine steps) by a twelve-step process including the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, regio- and stereoselective reduction of the resulting enone, diastereoselective epoxidation, and 5-exo epoxide cleavage forming the C-ring. The C21-C30 segment was constructed in 13 steps from (S)-glycidol via a route involving E-ring formation by 5-exo epoxide cleavage and stereoselective methylation at C27 by the Evans method.     

Cobalt versus Osmium: Control of Both trans and cis Selectivity in Construction of the EFG Rings of Pectenotoxin 4

Catalytic oxidative cyclisation reactions have been employed for the synthesis of the E and F rings of the complex natural product target pectenotoxin 4. The choice of metal catalyst (cobalt‐ or osmium‐based) allowed for the formation of THF rings with either trans or cis stereoselectivity. Fragment union using a modified Julia reaction then enabled the synthesis of an advanced synthetic intermediate containing the EF and G rings of the target.     

Synthesis of the C21-C28 segment of pectenotoxin-4

The synthesis of the C21-C28 segment of pectenotoxin-4 as the C21 Weinreb amide is described. Feasibility studies for the union of a related Weinreb amide and a functionalized alkyne are also reported.     

Feasibility of gamma irradiation as a stabilisation technique in the preparation of tissue reference materials for a range of shellfish toxins

The effect of γ-irradiation on concentrations of hydrophilic and lipophilic phycotoxins has been investigated by use of HPLC–UV and LC–MS. Pure toxins in organic solvents and toxins in mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissues were irradiated at three different doses. In solution all toxin concentrations were reduced to some extent. Most severe decreases were observed for domoic acid and yessotoxin, for which the smallest dose of irradiation led to almost complete destruction. For pectenotoxin-2 the decrease in concentration was less severe but still continuous with increasing dose. Azaspiracid-1 and okadaic acid were the least affected in solution. In shellfish tissue the decrease in toxin concentrations was much reduced compared with the effect in solution. After irradiation at the highest dose reductions in concentrations were between ca. 5 and 20% for the lipophilic toxins and there was no statistical difference between control and irradiated samples for azaspiracids in tissue. Irradiation of shellfish tissues contaminated with domoic acid led to a more continuous decrease in the amount of the toxin with increasing dose. The effect of irradiation on the viability of microbial activity in shellfish tissues was assessed by using total viable counting techniques. Microbial activity depended on the type of shellfish and on the pretreatment of the shellfish tissues (with or without heat treatment). As far as we are aware this is the first investigation of the effectiveness of irradiation as a technique for stabilising tissue reference materials for determination of phycotoxins. Our results suggest that this technique is not effective for materials containing domoic acid. It does, however, merit further investigation as a stabilisation procedure for preparation of shellfish tissue materials for some lipophilic toxins, in particular azaspiracids. Chemical structures of the toxins investigated in the study     

Sensitive method for the determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins in extracts of mussels and processed shellfish by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry based on enrichment by solid-phase extraction

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for the enrichment and clean-up of lipophilic marine biotoxins from extracts of different species of bivalve molluscs and processed shellfish products was developed. Okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin2 (PTX2), azaspiracid1 (AZA1) and yessotoxin (YTX) were determined by LC–MS/MS in hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed extracts. Applying a concentration factor of 10 the limit of quantification for the four toxins was determined to be 1 μg/kg. An organized in-house ring trial proved transferability of the method protocol and satisfactory results for all four toxins with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5–12%. The precision of the whole method including LC–MS detection was determined by processing seven independent extractions analyzed in independent sequences. RSD ranged between 12% and 24%. This SPE method was tested within a concentration range corresponding to the range of the current European Union regulatory limits (up to 160 μg/kg for the OA group), but it would also be applicable to a lower μg/kg range which is important in view of a possible decrease of regulatory limits as proposed by a working group of the European Food Safety Authority. The potential of SPE as a cleaning tool to cope with matrix effects in LC–MS/MS was studied and compared to liquid–liquid portioning.