Multivariate calibration techniques applied to the spectrophotometric analysis of one-to-four component systems

The UV spectrophotometric analysis of a multicomponent mixture containing paracetamol, caffeine, tripelenamine and salicylamide by using multivariate calibration methods, such as principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares regression (PLS), was described. The calibration set was based on 47 reference samples, consisting of quaternary, ternary, binary and single-component mixtures, with the aim to develop models able to predict the concentrations of unknown samples containing as many as one-to-four components. The calibration models were optimized by an appropriate selection of the number of factors as well as wavelength ranges to be used for building up the data matrix and excluding any information about the interfering excipients included in pharmaceutics. The PCR and PLS models were compared and their predictive performance was inferred by a successful application to the assays of synthetic mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations.     

Ultrasound-assisted continuous liquid-liquid extraction without phase separation and hydrolysis of paracetamol in suppositories

An automated flow injection (FI) manifold based on iterative change of the flow direction has been designed to carry out continuous liquid-liquid extraction without phase separation and hydrolysis both with ultrasound-assistance. The dynamic approach has been applied to suppositories from which paracetamol has been extracted in this way into an aqueous phase and hydrolysed prior to reaction with o-cresol in the alkaline medium used as extractant. The three linked reactions, extraction-hydrolysis-derivatisation, cause displacement of the balance to completeness. The strategic location of the photometric flow-cell in the flow-injection manifold enables monitoring of the overall process and the obtaining of a characteristic multipeak recording. The influence of ultrasounds on the different steps was investigated. The indophenol blue dye formed was monitored at 620 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method are 0.38 and 0.64 μg ml⁻¹, respectively, with a linear range from 0.64 to 50 μg ml⁻¹; a within-laboratory reproducibility between 2.07 and 4.66% and repeatability from 2.01 to 4.63%, both expressed as relative standard deviation. The results obtained with the proposed method are in excellent agreement with those provided by the official method, but with a shorter analysis time, lower sample and reagent consumption and less analyst involvement.     

单扫描示波极谱法测定扑热息痛

扑热息痛与NaNO2在中性介质中发生反应，其亚硝化衍生物具有良好的电活性。在pH9．37的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中，于-0．56V(vs．SCE)产生灵敏的极谱还原峰，峰电流与扑热息痛质量浓度在0．007-0．4mg/L范围有良好的线性关系，检测下限为5μg/L。此法已用于测定小儿速效感冒灵。     

扑热息痛片剂药品的近红外光谱法非破坏定量分析

现代近红外光谱分析技术将近红外光谱 (NIR)法同计算机科学和化学计量学结合 ,实现了对样品进行无损非破坏性定量分析 .该法具有速度快、操作简单及所需样品少等特点 ,能够实现样品分析的时间同步、地点同步及无损非破坏分析 .为实现生产过程中即时、在线的质量控制提供了新的手段[1 ] .本文应用人工神经网络 [2 ]与近红外漫反射光谱相结合对扑热息痛片剂药品进行了非破坏快速定量分析 .用扑热息痛片剂药品的近红外漫反射光谱数据、一阶导数光谱数据及二阶导数光谱数据分别建立了 ANN模型 ,预测未知样品 ,讨论了影响网络的因素 ,使用了新…     

Detection of paracetamol by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection

Indirect detection of paracetamol was accomplished using a capillary electrophoresis-chemiluminescence (CE-CL) detection system, which was based on its inhibitory effect on a luminol-potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) CL reaction. Paracetamol migrated in the separation capillary, where it mixed with luminol included in the running buffer. The separation capillary outlet was inserted into the reaction capillary to reach the detection window. A four-way plexiglass joint held the separation capillary and the reaction capillary in place. K₃[Fe(CN)₆] solution was siphoned into a tee and flowed down to the detection window. CL was observed at the tip of the separation capillary outlet. The CL reaction of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] oxidized luminol was employed to provide the high and constant background. Since paracetamol inhibits the CL reaction, an inverted paracetamol peak can be detected, and the degree of CL suppression is proportional to the paracetamol concentration. Maximum CL signal was observed with an electrophoretic buffer of 30 mM sodium borate (pH 9.4) containing 0.5 mM luminol and an oxidizer solution of 0.8 mM K₃[Fe(CN)₆] in 100 mM NaOH solution. Under the optimal conditions, a linear range from 6.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 6.6 × 10⁻⁸ M (r = 0.9999), and a detection limit of 5.6 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for paracetamol were achieved. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of the peak area for 5.0 × 10⁻⁹ M of paracetamol (n = 11) was 2.9%. The applicability of the method for the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples was examined.     

Sensitive voltammetric determination of paracetamol by poly (4-vinylpyridine)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a composite film of poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (P4VP/MWCNT GCE) was used for the voltammetric determination of paracetamol (PCT). This novel electrode displayed a combined effect of P4VP and MWCNT on the electro-oxidation of PCT in a solution of phosphate buffer at pH 7. Hence, conducting properties of P4VP along with the remarkable physical properties of MWCNTs might have combined effects in enhancing the kinetics of PCT oxidation. The P4VP/MWCNT GCE has also demonstrated excellent electrochemical activity toward PCT oxidation compared to that with bare GCE and MWCNT GCE. The anodic peak currents of PCT on the P4VP/MWCNT GCE were about 300 fold higher than that of the non-modified electrodes. By applying differential pulse voltammetry technique under optimized experimental conditions, a good linear ratio of oxidation peak currents and concentrations of PCT over the range of 0.02–450 μM with a limit of detection of 1.69 nM were achieved. This novel electrode was stable for more than 60 days and reproducible responses were obtained at 99% of the initial current of PCT without any influence of physiologically common interferences such as ascorbic acid and uric acid. The application of this electrode to determine PCT in tablets and urine samples was proposed.     

RP-HPLC-DAD method for the determination of phenylepherine,paracetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniramine in bulk and marketed formulation

A simple, specific and accurate isocratic RP-HPLC-DAD method was developed for the simultaneous determination of phenylephrine, paracetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniramine in bulk and tablet dosage form. The four contents are present in variable concentrations and have variable chromatographic behavior making the process of analysis very difficult. For present studies a reversed-phase C-18 column (150 mm × 4.5 mm i.d., particle size 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol and 10 Mm phosphate buffer 16:22:62 (v/v) (pH of buffer 2.5 ± 0.02, adjusted with ortho phosphoric acid) was used. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and eluents were monitored at 280 nm. The mean retention times of phenylephrine, paracetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniramine were found to be 1.8, 3.1, 5.2 and 10.9 min, respectively. The method was validated in terms of linearity, range, specificity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The proposed method was successfully applied to the estimation of phenylephrine, paracetamol, caffeine and chlorpheniramine in combined tablet dosage form.     

Preparation of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol via a flow route of a clean amination and acylation of p-nitrophenol catalyzing by core-shell Cu2O@CeO2

The selectivity and reactivity to converse series nitroaromatic into aminobenzenes are especially significant, which play a vital role in synthesizing required drugs or other fine chemicals. Herein, p-nitrophenol (p-NP) has been completely conversed into p-anomiphenol (p-AP) with a high activity factor k (0.033 s⁻¹·mg⁻¹) and reusability by core-shell Cu₂O@CeO₂ catalyst. N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (paracetamal, APAP) as a model drug was further synthesized via a flow route proceeded in two steps including p-NP reduction and subsequently p-AP acylation with self-constructing device. The yield of the paracetamal is up to 85% with a highly purity. The mechanism investigation justifies the rich-electron centers and cation defects generated from the redox coupled Cu⁺→Cu⁰ with Ce³⁺→Ce⁴⁺ will steer selective conversion of p-NP to p-AP, a rate-determining step in the production of APAP. The present results could visualize a highly selective catalyst and a new synthesis route for pharmaceuticals such as paracetamal by using nitroaromatic compounds as the raw materials with environment-friendly, low-cost, easy-manipulation, high-efficiency and high purity.     

Synthesis of 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid and its application to electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of adrenaline,paracetamol, and tryptophan

In this study,Au nanoparticles/poly 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-l-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid film modified glassy carbon electrode(AuNPs/poly(NDI)/GCE) has shown excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of adrenaline(ADR),paracetamol(PAC),and tryptophan(Trp).The bare glassy carbon electrode(GCE) fails to separate the oxidation peak potentials of these molecules,while the poly(NDI) film modified electrode can resolve them.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)indicates that the charge transfer resistance of the bare electrode decreases as 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthalen-l-yl)diazenyl]isophthalic acid is electropolymerized on the bare electrode.Furthermore,EIS exhibits enhancement of electron transfer kinetics between analytes and the electrode after electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles.Differential pulse voltammetry results show that the electrocatalytic current increases linearly in the ranges of 0.01-680.0 μmol L~1 for ADR,0.05-498.0 μmol L~1 for PAC,and 3.0-632.0 μmol L~1 for Trp;with detection limits(S/N = 3) of 0.009 μmol L~1,0.005 μmol L~1,and 0.09 μmol L~1 for ADR,PAC,and Trp,respectively.The proposed method has been successfully applied for simultaneous determination of ADR,PAC,and Trp in biological samples.     

Influence of modifiers on the performance of Ru-supported catalysts on the stereoselective hydrogenation of 4-acetamidophenol

Ruthenium-supported catalysts modified by the addition of Mg, Na or Ce were studied in the selective hydrogenation of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol) to cis- and trans-4-acetamidocyclohexanol. In both series, catalysts supported on carbon or on alumina, the modified catalysts were more selective to the trans isomer than the corresponding monometallic catalysts. However, the modified catalysts, particularly the supported on carbon, were less active. Moreover, there is a reduction in the hydrogenolysis reaction of the OH group on carbon-supported catalysts. The enhancement observed in the stereoselectivity for the modified catalysts may be explained by an alteration in the acid-base properties of the catalyst surface, which eventually control the mode of adsorption of the molecule of paracetamol and probably the tautomeric equilibrium of the 4-acetamidocyclohexene-1-ol intermediate. The optimum amount of promoter to improve the stereoselectivity seems to depend on the inherent acid-base characteristics of both the modifier and the support. Therefore, the proper adjustment or fine tuning of these parameters is crucial for obtaining the best results in terms of stereoselectivity.