水中药物和个人护理品分析方法研究进展

随着社会经济发展水平的提高和医疗条件的改善,药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的使用种类及总量均显著增加,造成环境中PPCPs的残留浓度不断升高,进而会对水环境生态安全及人类和动植物的健康造成潜在危害和严重威胁.由于开发建立快速、灵敏、高效的PPCPs定性、定量分析方法是探究其存在、去除及毒性的前提,因此本文对水中PPCP...     

Development and application of a polar coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of emerging pollutants from environmental water samples

In the present study, a stir bar coated with hydrophilic polymer based on poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-divinylbenzene) was prepared for the sorptive extraction of polar compounds. The main parameters affecting the polymerisation of the coating were investigated.The new stir bar was applied successfully in stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption followed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in tandem with a triple quadrupole for the determination of a group of polar pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental water matrices. Different variables affecting extraction and desorption such as agitation speed, temperature, ionic strength and extraction time were optimised. The results showed that the stir bar is able to enrich the selected analytes effectively.The developed method was applied to determine a group of PPCPs in different complex environmental samples, including river, effluent and influent waste water.     

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of solid matrices and subsequent detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in natural solids remain largely unknown. Contributing to this, is a lack of methods permitting the simultaneous detection of the diverse, low-level contaminants present in these complex matrices. We have developed a microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE)-based method targeting seven diverse PPCPs (caffeine, 17β-estradiol, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, musk ketone, naproxen, and triclosan) and a molecular marker for fecal waste (epicoprostanol). The method consisted of optimizing the following variables: derivatization of the polar target analytes, silica gel open column clean-up, and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of sample extracts for analysis and detection of the compounds noted above. Testing of the method on spiked soil allowed for 89.6 ± 2.89% recovery of three target compounds and 25.0 ± 1.93% recovery of five of the compounds. Although the latter recoveries were low, the precision across all recoveries was high, suggesting good reproducibility in application of the method. Furthermore, we suspect that matrix effects are likely responsible for the lower recoveries. Techniques with the exclusive incorporation of organic solvents were found inapplicable in the study of a pharmaceutical salt, diphenhydramine HCl. Application of the developed method to sediment collected directly downstream of the effluent pipe of a wastewater treatment plant allowed detection of ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, and epicoprostanol at ng-μg per gram dry weight concentrations. The observation of acidic pharmaceuticals, previously believed to exhibit insignificant sorption to solid matrices, in the tested sediment samples, coupled with application of biosolids for agricultural purposes, demonstrates the need for expanded investigation of PPCP contamination of natural solid matrices.     

Comparison of multiple API techniques for the simultaneous detection of microconstituents in water by on‐line SPE‐LC‐MS/MS

This study described a fully automated method using on‐line solid phase extraction of large volume injections coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to simultaneously detect a group of recalcitrant microconstituents (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroid hormones and sterols) in aqueous matrices. Samples (1 mL to 20 mL) were loaded to the preconcentration column at 1 mL/min, and the column was washed with 1000 μL of 25% methanol in LC/MS water to remove polar and ionic interferences before LC‐MS/MS analysis. Three different atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques, including photoionization (APPI) with four different dopants (acetone, anisole, chlorobenzene and toluene), heated electrospray ionization (HESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were evaluated on the basis of method detection limits (MDLs) and recoveries from different aqueous matrixes. Results indicated that APPI with toluene as dopant was the most sensitive ionization method for the majority of the analytes. When using 5 mL of sample, MDLs for pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including carbamazepine, DEET, caffeine, naproxen, acetaminophen and primidone, were between 0.3 ng/L and 15 ng/L. MDLs of hormones, including testosterone, equilenin, progesterone, equilin, 17β‐estradiol, 17α‐ethynylestradiol, estrone, androsterone, mestranol and estriol, were between 1.2 ng/L and 37 ng/L. The combination of APPI with dopant allowed the detection of two difficult to ionize fecal related sterols, such as coprostan‐3‐ol and coprostan‐3‐one with MDLs of 5.4 ng/L and 11 ng/L, respectively. Calculated MDLs are more than adequate for analysis of wastewater using 1 to 5 mL sample size and for surface waters using up to 20 mL sample size. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry screening methods for select UV filters,synthetic musks,alkylphenols, an antimicrobial agent,and an insect repellent in fish

Two screening methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of ten extensively used personal care products (PCPs) and two alkylphenol surfactants in fish. The methods consisted of extraction, clean-up, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC–SIM–MS) or gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) techniques. Among solvents tested to assess recovery of target compounds from 1-g tissue homogenates, acetone was selected as optimal for extracting compounds with dissimilar physicochemical properties from fish tissue. Initial experiments confirmed that GC–SIM–MS could be applied for analysis of lean fillet tissue (<1% lipid) without gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), and this approach was applied to assess the presence of target analytes in fish fillets collected from a regional effluent-dominated stream in Texas, USA. Benzophenone, galaxolide, tonalide, and triclosan were detected in 11 of 11 environmental samples at concentrations ranging from; 37 to 90, 234 to 970, 26 to 97, and 17 to 31 ng/g, respectively. However, performance of this analytical approach declined appreciably with increasing lipid content of analyzed tissues. Successful analysis of samples with increased lipid content was enabled by adding GPC to the sample preparation protocol and monitoring analytes with tandem mass spectrometry. Both analytical approaches were validated using fortified fillet tissue collected from locations expected to be minimally impacted by anthropogenic influences. Average analyte recoveries ranged from 87% to 114% with RSDs <11% and from 54% to 107% with RSDs <20% for fish tissue containing <1% and 4.9% lipid, respectively. Statistically derived method detection limits (MDLs) for GC–SIM–MS and GC–MS/MS methodologies ranged from 2.4 to 16 ng/g, and 5.1 to 397 ng/g, respectively.     

Use of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of various pharmaceuticals in surface water

This article presents the development, validation and application of a new multi-residue method for simultaneous determination of 36 pharmaceuticals (histamine receptor antagonists, psychoactive stimulant, antiepileptics, antihypertensive, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, lipid regulator, antibiotics, antibacterial, skin care ingredient and metabolites of nicotine and lipid regulators) in surface water using solid phase extraction (Strata-X at pH 5) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Recoveries were greater than 70% with less than 20% SD for the majority of analytes. The instrumental quantification limit was between 2 and 181 pg, and method quantification limit varied from 0.5 to 98 ng L^?1 in spiked stream water. The pH and sorbent dependence of matrix effects is discussed. The optimised method was used to determine the occurrence of target analytes in surface water from the coastal Lake Erie in Oregon, northwest Ohio. Seventeen analytes were detected with concentrations up to hundreds of nanogram per litre in stream and lake water samples.     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用同时检测环境水体中22种典型药品及个人护理用品

应用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS/MS)建立了环境水体中22种典型药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)的分析方法。通过对固相萃取柱、淋洗液、色谱流动相等的优化,确定以Oasis HLB小柱为固相萃取柱、甲醇为淋洗液、水(0.1%甲酸)-甲醇(7:3, v/v)为流动相进行水样预处理和色谱分离。在最优条件下,目标物在水中的回收率为73%~125%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为8.8%~17.5%。各目标物的线性范围均为2~2000 μg/L,线性相关系数(R²)不小于0.997。该方法具有检出限低、回收率高等优点,经实际样品测试,适用于环境水体中22种典型PPCPs的同时检测,可为微量有机物引起的水环境风险评价和控制的相关研究提供支持。     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定水中9种药品及个人护理用品

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术,建立了水体中9种药品及个人护理用品（水杨酸、萘普生、布洛芬、对乙酰氨基酚、降固醇酸、三氯生、双氯酚酸、酮洛芬和双酚A）的定量分析方法。水样品经稀盐酸调节至pH=3后,采用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱进行富集净化;选用三甲基氢氧化硫（TMSH）为衍生化试剂,在常温条件下对目标物进行快速甲基化;以气相色谱-质谱法选择离子监测模式（GC-MS-SIM）进行检测,由2,4,5-涕丙酸为内标进行定量分析。本实验分别对固相萃取和衍生化等前处理条件进行了系统的研究。在优化的实验条件下,方法的回收率为50.7~115.4%,相对标准偏差均不高于10%,检出限为0.03~0.30 μg/L,定量限为0.15~1.50 μg/L。利用该方法对东莞市某农田灌溉水进行了分析,4种目标物在样品中有检出,最大质量浓度范围为0.176~0.998 μg/L。结果表明该方法操作简便,灵敏可靠。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定环境水体中微量药品和个人护理用品

结合固相萃取与高效液相色谱分析技术,建立了一种可以同时检测环境水体中10种微量药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的分析方法。将水样pH调节至5,过Poly-Sery HLB固相萃取小柱,用6mL的甲醇洗脱。洗脱液在Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱上分离,以水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为224nm。10种目标化合物的质量浓度在0.5~20mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为6.0~54.6μg·L-1,测定下限(10S/N)为20.1~182.1μg·L-1。对自来水和地表水进行加标试验,回收率分别在71.2%~108%和56.7%~97.6%之间。方法用于某城镇污水处理厂的原水和最终处理出水的检测。