Epoxides related to dioncoquinone B: Synthesis,activity against multiple myeloma cells,and search for the target protein

Epoxide 2b is an analog of the synthetic intermediate 2a en route to the polyketide-derived antitumoral naphthoquinone dioncoquinone B (1), isolated from cell cultures of the tropical liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae). Compound 2b was found to induce strong apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells at a concentration (EC₅₀?=?3.5?μM), distinctly lower than that of 1 and any related analog, without exerting significant toxicity against normal blood cells. Preliminary studies showed that 2b follows different SAR rules as compared to the naphthoquinones. Among the series of synthesized epoxides, 2b was the most active one and was thus, after biotinylation, subjected to mass spectrometry-based affinity capture experiments aiming at the identification of target proteins. The MS data revealed 2b to address proteins that are associated with stress regulation processes which are critical for multiple myeloma cell survival.     

Application of MEKC and monolithic CEC for the analysis of bioactive naphthoquinones in Eleutherine americana

Two microscale separation techniques for the analysis of bioactive naphthoquinones in Eleutherine americana were developed and validated. By MEKC four compounds (eleuthoside B, isoeleutherin, eleutherol and eleutherinoside A) could be determined in plant extracts using an aqueous electrolyte solution composed of 25 mM sodium tetraborate, 50 mM sodium cholate and 20% THF. CEC on a polymeric methacrylate‐based monolith with strong cationic properties showed promising results, as it additionally enabled the separation of two enantiomers, eleutherin and isoeleutherin. The mobile phase for CEC experiments comprised 3 mM ammonium formate in a mixture of ACN and water. At an applied voltage of ?25 kV, all five markers were baseline separated in less than 12 min. Both methods were successfully validated for linearity (MEKC: R²≥0.999; CEC: R²≥0.997), sensitivity (MEKC: LOD=4–5 μg/mL; CEC: LOD=2–8 μg/mL), accuracy (MEKC: 96.5–102.7% recovery; CEC: 97.1–103.5% recovery) and precision (MEKC: σ_rel≤2.43%; CEC: σ_rel≤2.21%). The quantitative analysis of naphthoquinone derivatives in several E. americana samples showed that both methods are suitable for practical applications, because the results were well comparable to those obtained by established techniques such as HPLC.     

Substituted naphthoquinones as novel amino acid sensitive reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks on paper surfaces

In this paper, we present our preliminary studies into naphthoquinones as novel reagents for the detection of latent fingermarks on paper. Latent fingermarks deposited on paper substrates were treated with solutions of selected naphthoquinones in ethyl acetate/HFE-7100, with subsequent heating. The selected compounds were 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. All of the tested compounds yielded purple-brown visible fingermarks, which also exhibited photoluminescence when illuminated with a high intensity filtered light source at 555 nm and viewed through red goggles. Indirect heat using an oven at 150 °C for 1 h was found to be superior to direct heat with an iron, which while providing faster development lead to increased levels of background colouration. Luminescence spectrophotometry revealed differences in photoluminescence characteristics for fingermarks developed with the different naphthoquinones, with excitation over the range 530-590 nm. Luminescence spectrophotometry of developed lysine, glycine and serine spots on paper was used to confirm that the naphthoquinones were reacting with amino acids in the latent fingermark.     

New Activation Method of Chloroenaminone Quinones for Synthesis of Polynuclear Heterocyclic Systems

The chlorine atom of chloroenamineone in the quinonoid compounds 1a-f and 7 was activated by the reaction with benzenesulphonyl chloride to form naphthoquinonid moiety fused with linear or angular heterocyclic systems as carbazoles 2a-c , phenazines 3a , b and 5a-c , phenoxazines 3c phenothiazine 3d , quinoxalinophenazine 6a , quinoxalinophenoxazine 6b , quinoxalinophenthiazine 6c , oxadiazine 8 , thiadiazine 9 , and pyrazole 10 . The mechanism of the latter derivative was discussed. Spectroscopic data of all new products are given. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of some reported compounds was screened.     

Two New Cytotoxic Naphthoquinones from Didymocarpus hedyotideus

A new naphthoquinone, 6‐hydroxy‐α‐dunnione ( 1 ) and a new binaphthoquinone, methyl 1,1′,4,4′‐tetrahydro‐3‐hydroxy‐1,1′,4,4′‐tetraoxo[2,2′‐binaphthalene]‐3′‐carboxylate ( 2 ), along with ten known compounds, including naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, and phenylethanoid glucosides, were isolated from the roots of Didymocarpus hedyotideus Chun . Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analyses, particularly 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. The cytotoxic activities of the two new naphthoquinones were also evaluated.     

Two New Naphthoquinone Derivatives from Lysionotus pauciflorus

Two new naphthoquinones, (2R)‐6,8‐dihydroxy‐α‐dunnione ( 1 ), 6,8‐dihydroxy‐2,7‐dimethoxy‐3‐(1,1‐dimethylprop‐2‐enyl)‐1,4‐naphthoquinone ( 2 ), together with three known compounds, (2R)‐6,8‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐α‐dunnione ( 3 ), nevadensin ( 4 ), and lysioside C ( 5 ), were isolated from the whole plant of Lysionotus pauciflorus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Hydroxylated naphthoquinones are reported to occur in a Lysionotus species for the first time. The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1 – 3 were evaluated in vitro against a panel of tumor cell lines.     

Synthesis of Iodinated Naphthoquinones Using Morpholine‐Iodine Complex

Abstract

The efficient synthesis of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (3), 2‐amino‐3‐iodo‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (4), and 2‐iodo‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (5) have been developed using the parent naphthoquinone in combination with the charge‐transfer complex between iodine and morpholine.     

An efficient synthesis of substituted anthraquinones and naphthoquinones

An efficient synthesis of 6,7-disubstituted naphthoquinones and 2,3,6,7-tetrasubstituted anthraquinones were developed using the reaction of thiophene dioxides and benzoquinone and naphthoquinone derivatives, respectively.     

(Z)-Ethyl 2-phenyl-1-(2-vinylphenyl)vinylcarbamates. Part 1: Synthesis and preliminary studies on their divergent transformation into benzo[c]phenanthridines and 2-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones

Treatment of N-carbethoxy-1-benzylideneisoquinolines with LDA gives N-ethoxycarbonyl-1-amino-1-(2-vinylphenyl)-2-phenylethylenes, which can easily be transformed into N-carbethoxy-1-amino-2-phenylnaphthalenes. Bischler-Napieralski reaction of these latter compounds affords the corresponding benzo[c]phenanthridines, while their hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation constitutes a novel route to 2-phenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones.     

Concise and Efficient Total Syntheses of Alkannin and Shikonin

Two enantiomic natural products with wound-healing properties , alkannin ( 1 ) and shikonin ( 2 ), are accessible by a short and efficient total synthesis. The success was achieved by a novel protecting system for masking of 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones (naphthazarins) and a highly stereoselective ketone reduction.