Design of a combined ozone/electron beam process for waste water and economic feasibility of the process

A design of a combined ozone/electron beam irradiation process for treating a 50 m³/h waste water stream from a molasses processing is discussed. Moreover, a cost evaluation of such a process in comparison to a conventional ozonation/biology treatment process has been performed to assess the potential of the irradiation process for technical use. Although the result of this comparison is not bad for the irradiation process an implementation into a full scale plant would not seem to be the thing to do in the present case.     

Effect of pretreatment of molasses and posttreatment of fermented broth in industrial production of ethanol

The aim of preclarification is to minimize sludge going to yeast separators. This purpose is partially fulfilled. However, it has been measured during the plant trial runs that preclarification does not noticeably improve fermentation. The aim of postclarification is to minimize sludge going to distillation. This purpose is well served as noted from the fact that cycle run of distillation columns using postclarification is three times longer (9–12 mo) as compared to the normal one (3–4 mo).     

离子色谱法测定糖蜜中总硫

将糖蜜置于充满氧气的石英瓶中燃烧,样品中的硫转化为硫的氧化物,然后用20mL含有5滴30%的H2O2的水溶液吸收30min使氧化物成为硫酸根。在淋洗液为V(Na2CO3)∶V(NaHCO3)=1.8∶1.7的离子色谱条件下测定硫酸根,从而获得糖蜜中的总硫。方法的回收率为94.2%～106.3%,线性范围为0.02～60μg/mL,检出限为0.00324μg/mL。该方法具有操作简单,较宽的线性范围和低的检测限,准确度高,精密度好的优点。     

Orthogonal signal correction applied to the classification of wine and molasses vinegar samples by near-infrared spectroscopy. Feasibility study for the detection and quantification of adulterated vinegar samples

The most common fraudulent practice in the vinegar industry is the addition of alcohol of different origins to the base wine used to produce wine vinegar with the objective of reducing manufacturing costs. The mixture is then sold commercially as genuine wine vinegar, thus constituting a fraud to consumers and an unfair practice with respect to the rest of the vinegar sector. A method based on near-infrared spectroscopy has been developed to discriminate between white wine vinegar and alcohol or molasses vinegar. Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was applied to a set of 96 vinegar NIR spectra from both original and artificial blends made in the laboratory, to remove information unrelated to a specific response. The specific response used to correct the spectra was the extent of adulteration of the vinegar samples. Both raw and corrected NIR spectra were used to develop separate classification models using the potential functions method as a class-modeling technique. The previous models were compared to evaluate the suitability of near-infrared spectroscopy as a rapid method for discrimination between vinegar origin. The transformation of vinegar NIR spectra by means of an orthogonal signal-correction method resulted in notable improvement of the specificity of the constructed classification models. The same orthogonal correction approach was also used to perform a calibration model able to detect and quantify the amount of exogenous alcohol added to the commercial product. This regression model can be used to quantify the extent of adulteration of new vinegar samples.     

一步法制备糖蜜基活性炭及其界面吸附行为

以糖厂废弃的糖蜜为原料,Na_2CO_3为活化剂,采用一步直接化学活化法制备了糖蜜基活性炭(AC).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_2吸附-脱附及元素分析手段对产物进行了表征,证实其为多孔的石墨化碳材料,比表面积高达1023 m~2/g.研究了糖蜜基活性炭对溶液中的重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)的脱除性能,结果表明:糖蜜基活性炭的吸附容量高于市售活性炭(CC),且所需吸附时间和投炭量均低于市售活性炭;其吸附动力学符合准二级动力学的Langmuir吸附,为单分子层的化学吸附;吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的糖蜜基活性炭可循环再生和重复使用.     

臭氧在SnO2表面吸附的红外光谱研究

以SnO2催化臭氧化降解高浓度糖蜜酒精废水为探针反应,研究SnO2催化臭氧化降解糖蜜酒精废水的活性,并采用红外光谱研究臭氧在SnO2及金属氧化物改性的SnO2催化剂表面的吸附行为。结果表明:由纯氧源制得的O3在SnO2表面吸附的红外光谱上的1 027和1 055 cm-1及2 099和2 122 cm-1处存在两处明显的吸收双峰,而空气制备的O3在SnO2表面与CO及CO2等存在竞争吸附,使得O3的吸附减少,催化臭氧化降解糖蜜废水的降解率下降。催化剂助剂对SnO2催化臭氧化降解糖蜜酒精废水有较大的影响。采用Fe2O3,NiO,CuO,ZnO,MgO,SrO及BaO等金属氧化物为助剂改性的SnO2在2 236和2 213 cm-1,1628和1 599 cm-1出现强度相似的吸收峰,但是几种催化剂对CO2和CO的吸附差别较大,过渡金属改性的SnO2在1 580~1 070 cm-1处出现较宽的吸收峰,碱土金属氧化物改性的SnO2催化剂在1 580~1 070 cm-1之间,出现了1 298和1 274 cm-1两个新的峰,从而引起了不同助剂催化臭氧化的活性差别,碱土金属改性的SnO2对糖蜜酒精废水的催化臭氧化脱色效果明显优于过渡金属改性的SnO2,其中BaO改性的SnO2催化剂的活性最好。     

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy in the sugar industry for the detection of betaine

One problem in industrial molasses desugarization is the lack of a fast analytical method for process control. At the moment, control of the chromatographic production process is achieved by detecting refractive index and conductivity. However, since elution of some components takes place only in a narrowly defined time frame, the data gained are insufficient for effective online product quantification. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to this process by development of a simple method for detection of betaine. Compared to chemometric models currently used, the developed method demonstrates the advantage of requiring only a small calibration set. Additionally, it can easily be transferred to other processes without further re-calibration. Based on the NIR spectrum of betaine, a characteristic peak in the spectrum could be assigned to the molasses compound betaine. A calibration was developed by using dissolved betaine in pure water. Afterwards, the calibration was tested for samples from a molasses desugarization process. The method was than successfully transferred to a complete chromatographic cycle of the industrial molasses desugarization process.     

Antimicrobial Activity of Broth Fermented with Kefir Grains

Kefir grains originate from the Caucasus region and are used for preparing beverages using sugar solution, milk, and fruit juice. As long as they are formed by a microbial consortium useful in the intestine, the produced drinks can be called probiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity during kefir fermentation in sugar broth. Fermentations with three kinds of carbohydrates (molasses, demerara sugar, and brown sugar) as carbon source were carried out. Brown sugar promoted the greatest antimicrobial activities, producing inhibition halos corresponding to 35, 14, 12, 14, and 14 mm for Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, respectively. Different carbon source concentrations and the time of fermentation influenced the size of the inhibition halos of the pathogenic microorganisms.     

K_2CO_3活化糖蜜基多孔炭的制备及双电层储能性能

以生物质糖蜜为原料,K_2CO_3为活化剂制备了糖蜜基多孔炭.K_2CO_3的使用改善了传统活化剂KOH对设备腐蚀的问题,避免了传统活化剂ZnCl_2可能引发的致毒性.分析了活化条件对产率的影响.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N_2吸附-脱附分析(BET)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了糖蜜基多孔炭,结果表明其为石墨化层堆结构,表面富含羟基、羧基、酯基或醚基等官能团,具有丰富的孔结构,比表面积可达1219 m~2/g,并证实了800℃为最佳的活化温度.电化学测试结果表明,糖蜜基多孔炭具有优良的双电层储能性能.     

FTIR/ATR光谱应用于甘蔗糖蜜锤度的快速测定

采用FTIR/ATR光谱,偏最小二乘法(PLS)和Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑方法建立甘蔗糖蜜锤度的快速测定方法和光谱分析的优化模型。基于全谱4500—600cm-1,利用计算机算法平台,把483种SG平滑模式和1—40的PLS因子数任意组合分别建立PLS模型。根据预测效果,最优模型为原谱平滑,2、3次多项式类型,45平滑点数,PLS因子数为6,预测均方根偏差(RMSEP)、预测相关系数(rp)和相对预测均方根偏差(RRMSEP)分别为0.978%、0.902%和1.05%,预测精度很高,并且大幅度优于未做SG平滑处理直接用PLS建模的预测效果。从而表明,FTIR/ATR光谱能够应用于甘蔗糖蜜锤度的快速准确测定,SG平滑模式和PLS因子数的联合大范围筛选能够有效地应用于FTIR/ATR光谱分析的模型优选。