Triterpenoids and phenolics from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus hispidus and their activations of melanogenesis and tyrosinase

Two new 24-methyl lanostane triterpenoids,hispindic acids A and B(1 and 2),and a new phenolic compound,hispinine(7),along with nine known compounds(3-6,and 8-12),were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus hispidus.Their structures were elucidated based on the extensive analysis of spectroscopic data(NMR and HRMS).Hispindic acid A(1) possesses an unusual formyl group at C-30.Compounds 1,3-4,and 8 showed stronger activate abilities of melanogenesis and tyrosinase in B16 melanoma cells than those of positive control,8-methoxypsoralen,at 50 μmol/L     

Development of nanoformulation for hyperpigmentation disorders: Experimental evaluations,in vitro efficacy and in silico molecular docking studies

Hyperpigmentation is a crucial dermatological disorder. This study aims to formulate a nanoemulsion formulation containing chlorogenic acid (CA) for hyperpigmentation treatment, to carry out characterization studies, and to investigate its efficacy and safety in vitro and in silico analysis.In line with this purpose, CA nanoemulsions (CA-NEs) were developed using the ultrasonic homogenization method. Accelerated stability tests were performed to examine the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the CA-NEs to ascertain the presence of any stability issues. After the heating–cooling test, appropriate CA-NEs were stored for 60 days in three different stability environments to examine the physicochemical stability and determine the finalized formulation. The toxicity of the finalized CA-NE formulation was evaluated by genotoxicity/mutagenicity and cytotoxicity tests. The tyrosinase and melanogenesis activities of the finalized CA-NE formulation were determined on the Melanoma B16F0 cell line. Finally, the molecular docking method was used to reveal interactions of CA that play an essential role in tyrosinase inhibition. Additionally, the mushroom and human tyrosinase enzymes were used to determine the activity of CA. In addition, the comparison study with the molecular docking method was carried out using kojic acid as a reference molecule.In conclusion, the molecular docking study, pharmacokinetic analyses, and in vitro studies showed that F4P1 coded CA-NE formulation might hold promise as an innovative formulation in cosmetic applications such as skin-lightening effects with its high efficacy and safety profile.     

Three new terpenoids,sterebins O,P1, and P2, isolated from Stevia rebaudiana fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The diversity of natural compounds is extensive but not unlimited. We therefore studied the feasibility of fermenting plant extracts to increase the diversity of natural compounds for use as drug candidates. Three new terpenoids, sterebins O (1), P1 (2), and P2 (3), were isolated from an extract of Stevia rebaudiana fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structures of these compounds were established using NMR, MS, and IR methods. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, and that of 2 and 3 from the ECD spectrum of their benzoate derivatives. These three compounds were not observed in S. rebaudiana extracts by TLC, suggesting that the compounds were generated during the fermentation process. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 all inhibited melanogenesis in theophylline-stimulated B16 melanoma cells, with 1 exhibiting the lowest IC₅₀ value (9.8 μM). The results indicate that fermentation of plant extracts may provide a route for generating many useful compounds.     

黑色素的合成及小分子对其功能的调控

黑色素作为一种天然色素, 可以大致分为真黑素和褐黑素. 它们广泛存在于微生物、 高等动物和植物体内, 具有自由基清除、 辐射防护和热调节等功能. 对人类而言, 黑色素在一定程度上影响着皮肤、 头发以及眼睛的颜色, 在保护皮肤免受紫外线照射产生有害损伤方面具有重要作用. 黑素细胞功能异常会带来一系列的皮肤问题, 如黑色素瘤和白癜风等疾病. 因此, 调控黑色素的产生是治疗色素相关疾病的重要途径. 黑色素合成过程中涉及到酪氨酸酶、 酪氨酸酶相关蛋白酶等多种酶的催化和化学反应. 通过小分子调控这些酶的催化过程, 改变其活性及表达是调控黑色素合成的有效途径. 在生物体内, 黑色素都是通过生物合成的. 由于黑色素的独特功能, 化学家也开发了一些人工化学合成黑色素的方法. 在小分子调控黑色素功能方面, 已发现多种可抑制黑色素形成的小分子, 这些小分子为黑色素相关疾病的治疗提供了新途径. 本文综合评述了黑色素的合成(包括生物合成与人工合成)、 抑制机理以及小分子化合物对黑色素的调控, 为开发安全、 高效的黑色素相关药物提供了理论基础.