Mammalian-specific genomic functions: Newly acquired traits generated by genomic imprinting and LTR retrotransposon-derived genes in mammals

Mammals, including human beings, have evolved a unique viviparous reproductive system and a highly developed central nervous system. How did these unique characteristics emerge in mammalian evolution, and what kinds of changes did occur in the mammalian genomes as evolution proceeded? A key conceptual term in approaching these issues is “mammalian-specific genomic functions”, a concept covering both mammalian-specific epigenetics and genetics. Genomic imprinting and LTR retrotransposon-derived genes are reviewed as the representative, mammalian-specific genomic functions that are essential not only for the current mammalian developmental system, but also mammalian evolution itself. First, the essential roles of genomic imprinting in mammalian development, especially related to viviparous reproduction via placental function, as well as the emergence of genomic imprinting in mammalian evolution, are discussed. Second, we introduce the novel concept of “mammalian-specific traits generated by mammalian-specific genes from LTR retrotransposons”, based on the finding that LTR retrotransposons served as a critical driving force in the mammalian evolution via generating mammalian-specific genes.     

结构主动控制的LQG/LTR改进方法

提出一种改进的LQG／LTR(Linear Quadratic Gaussian synthesis with a Loop Transfer Recovery)结构主动控制方法，一种新的补偿器结构被用于回路传输恢复(LTR)。这个补偿器有以下优点：(1)它是开环稳定的；(2)它能保证整个闭环系统的稳定性；(3)更重要的是．对于相同的回路传输恢复度，它所需要的增益要小于传统LQG／LTR方法的基于观测器的控制器增益。还有，就是这个新的补偿器比传统的基于观测器要有较好的恢复性能。最后，数值算例验证了本文方法的有效性。     

斜拉桥横向振动的半主动筋腱控制

对桥梁等大型土建结构在外扰作用下的振动实施控制是目前的一个研究热点,也是提高结构安全性与耐久性的一条重要途径。本文提出采用磁流变阻尼器（Ｍａｇｎｅｔｏ－Ｒｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ Ｄａｍｐｅｒ,ＭＲＤ）与斜拉索构成的半主动筋腱（Ｓｅｍｉ－Ａｃｔｉｖｅ Ｔｅｎｄｏｎ）实现斜拉桥横向振动的半主动控制的原理,讨论了其可行性、具体控制方案和控制算法,给出了一对一双索斜拉桥模型在随机扰动作用下的振动控制仿真结果     

恶性肿瘤患者血清锌与淋巴细胞转化率及自然杀伤细胞活性变化的观察

观察了８６例恶性肿瘤患者血清锌与淋巴细胞转化率及自然杀伤细胞活性间的变化。结果表明，肿瘤患者的血清锌较正常对照组明显降低，同时伴有淋巴细胞转化率及ＮＫ细胞活性下降。表明缺锌是肿瘤患者免疫功能下降的原因之一。     

Mutational pressure is a cause of inter- and intragenomic differences in GC-content of simplex and varicello viruses

Total GC-content (G + C), GC-content in codon positions and 0-fold, 2-fold and 4-fold degenerated sites in all coding districts from 10 completely sequenced genomes of simplex and varicello viruses have been calculated by the original “Coding Genome Scanner” algorithm. The low coefficient of correlation (R < 0.5) between 3GC and G + C in all coding districts from unique regions (UL and US) of alphaherpesvirus genome is a new criterion of the strong mutational pressure that is the process of increasing the rates of nonsynonymous mutations because of the extreme saturation (GC-pressure) or desaturation (AT-pressure) of third (liberal) codon positions with G and C. Unique regions of HSV1, HSV2, CeHV1, CeHV2, CeHV16 and BoHV5 are under the influence of strong GC-pressure caused mostly by AT to GC transversions. Unique regions of EqHV1 are under the influence of weak GC-pressure. In unique regions of CeHV9 AT-pressure is strong; in EqHV4 and VZV unique regions AT-pressure is weak. Mutational AT-pressure in CeHV9 and VZV is caused mostly by transitions, while in EqHV4 it is caused mostly by transversions. The level of 3GC in coding districts situated in long terminal inverted repeats (LTR) of all these viruses is much higher than in coding districts from UL and US. Higher GC-content does not seem to depend on the gene itself, but it does depend on its location. V67 gene of EqHV1 is situated in LTR (3GC = 0.853), while V67 gene of EqHV4 is situated in US (3GC = 0.397). Higher rates of AT to GC transversions in coding districts situated in LTR should be due to the “anatomy” of long terminal inverted repeats. The process of AT to GC transversions is thought to take place only in doublestranded DNA. Indeed, in the potential secondary structure formed by singlestranded genomic DNA of alphaherpesviruses only joined inverted repeats should be doublestranded.     

葡萄糖酸锌对肿瘤患者淋巴细胞转化率及NK细胞活性的影响

４例肿瘤患者口服葡萄糖酸锌１片（含锌１０ｍｇ）ｔｉｄ×１个月,以淋巴细胞转化率及ＮＫ细胞活性为细胞免疫功能指标,观察了葡萄糖酸锌对免疫功能的影响。结果显示,肿瘤患者口服葡萄糖酸锌后血清锌水平升高（Ｐ＜００５）,ＮＫ细胞活性增强（Ｐ＜００１）、淋巴细胞转化率提高（Ｐ＜００５）。表明对低锌肿瘤患者补锌,对提高细胞免疫功能,改善预后有重要价值