葡聚糖为载体的双亲型LDL吸附剂吸附动力学研究

合成了以葡聚为载体，同时具有亲水性磺酸基和疏水性胆固醇两类配基的新型低密度脂蛋白（LDL）吸附剂。通过对LDL纯溶液中吸附等温线的测试，比较了以Dextran G-75为载体的双亲型LDL吸附剂与单一亲水型磺酸基配基，单一疏水型胆固醇基吸附剂吸附量和亲和吸附系数的关系。对双亲型LDL吸附剂的吸附动力学进行了初步研究，在LDL溶液中，亲水型磺酸基，疏水型胆固醇配基，双亲型LDL吸附剂对LDL的吸附曲线基本上符合Langmuir吸附方程，另外通过高离子强度NaCl洗脱实验，测定了双亲型LDL吸附剂上具有的磺酸基与胆固醇两类基在对低密脂蛋白吸附过程中所起的配合效果，为下一步作用力机制研究提供了参考依据。     

An effective and rapid determination by MALDI/TOF/TOF of methionine sulphoxide content of ApoA‐I in type 2 diabetic patients

Increased oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characteristic of atherosclerosis. In this frame, high density lipoproteins (HDL) play an important role, being able to remove lipid peroxides (LPOs) and cholesterol from oxidized LDL, so exhibiting a protective role against atherosclerosis. A wide range of reactive compounds lead to the oxidation of methionine (Met) residues with the formation of methionine sulphoxide (MetO) in apolipoprotein A‐I (ApoA‐I). Consequently, the determination of MetO level can give both an evaluation of oxidative stress and the reduced capability of ApoA‐I in LPOs and cholesterol transport. For these reasons, the development of analytical methods able to determine the MetO level is surely of interest, and we report here the results obtained by MALDI mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Open tubular capillary electrochromatography: A useful microreactor for collagen I glycation and interaction studies with low-density lipoprotein particles

Diabetes, a multifunctional disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries, strongly associates with the development and progression of atherosclerosis. One of the consequences of high level of glucose in the blood circulation is glycation of long-lived proteins, such as collagen I, the most abundant component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the arterial wall. Glycation is a long-lasting process that involves the reaction between a carbonyl group of the sugar and an amino group of the protein, usually a lysine residue. This reaction generates an Amadori product that may evolve in advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs, as reactive molecules, can provoke cross-linking of collagen I fibrils. Since binding of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) to the ECM of the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, has been implicated to be involved in the onset of the development of an atherosclerotic plaque, collagen modifications, which can affect the affinity of native and oxidized LDL for collagen I, can promote the entrapment of LDLs in the intima and accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis.In this study, open tubular capillary electrochromatography is proposed as a new microreactor to study in situ glycation of collagen I. The kinetics of glycation was first investigated in a fused silica collagen I-coated capillary. Dimethyl sulphoxide, injected as an electroosmotic flow marker, gave information about the charge of coating. Native and oxidized LDL, and selected peptide fragments from apolipoprotein B-100, the protein covering LDL particles, were injected as marker compounds to clarify the interactions between LDLs and the glycated collagen I coating. The method proposed is simple and inexpensive, since only small amounts of collagen and LDL are required. Atomic force microscopy images complemented our studies, highlighting the difference between unmodified and glycated collagen I surfaces.     

Profiling of phospholipids in lipoproteins by multiplexed hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

This study describes a coupled analytical method to carry out the systematic profiling of phospholipids (PLs) in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from human blood plasma. HDL and LDL of healthy human plasma samples were separated by size and collected on a semi-preparative scale using multiplexed hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (MxHF5). Phospholipid mixtures contained in the resulting HDL and LDL fractions were analyzed by shotgun nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (nLC–ESI-MS–MS). We utilized a dual scan method for the separation and simultaneous characterization of complicated PL mixtures by nLC–ESI-MS–MS, such that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules were detected in positive ion mode in a first LC run. In a second LC run, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidic acid (PA) were detected in negative ion mode. In this study, a total of 56 PLs from HDL and 52 PLs from LDL particles were characterized by their molecular structures from data dependent collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments, and their relative abundances were compared.     

Gold nanoparticle–antibody conjugates for specific extraction and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry of malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoprotein as biomarker for cardiovascular risk

Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDLs) like malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) play a major role in atherosclerosis and have been proposed as useful biomarkers for oxidative stress. In this study, gold-nanoparticles (GNPs) were functionalized via distinct chemistries with anti-MDA-LDL antibodies (Abs) for selective recognition and capture of MDA-LDL from biological matrices. The study focused on optimization of binding affinities and saturation capacities of the antiMDA-LDL-Ab-GNP bioconjugate by exploring distinct random and oriented immobilization approaches, such as (i) direct adsorptive attachment of Abs on the GNP surface, (ii) covalent bonding by amide coupling of Abs to carboxy-terminated-pegylated GNPs, (iii) oriented immobilization via oxidized carbohydrate moiety of the Ab on hydrazide-derivatized GNPs and (iv) cysteine-tagged protein A (cProtA)-bonded GNPs. Depending on immobilization chemistry, up to 3 antibodies per GNP could be immobilized as determined by ELISA. The highest binding capacity was achieved with the GNP-cProtA-Ab bioconjugate which yielded a saturation capacity of 2.24 ± 0.04 μg mL⁻¹ GNP suspension for MDA-LDL with an affinity K_d of 5.25 ± 0.11 × 10⁻¹⁰ M. The GNP-cProtA-antiMDA-LDL bioconjugate revealed high specificity for MDA-LDL over copper(II)-oxidized LDL as well as native human LDL. This clearly demonstrates the usefulness of the new GNP-Ab bioconjugates for specific extraction of MDA-LDL from plasma samples as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Their combination as specific immunoextraction nanomaterials with analysis by LC–MS/MS allows sensitive and selective detection of MDA-LDL in complex samples.     

非对称场流分离技术在蛋黄浆质低密度脂蛋白粒径表征中的应用

通过自组装的非对称场流分离系统(AF4)与紫外可见光检测器联用分离表征了笼养鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋、鹌鹑蛋和鸭蛋蛋黄浆质中的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)。在近似蛋黄浆质生理条件下,研究了进样量、交叉流流速、膜的类型对AF4蛋黄浆质中LDL分离表征的影响;考察了该方法的精密度。在优化的AF4分析条件下,检测出了笼养鸡蛋、柴鸡蛋、鹌鹑蛋和鸭蛋蛋黄浆质中LDL的水力学粒径分布。LDL的AF4洗脱峰高和峰面积的日内精密度分别为1.3%和1.9%(n=7),日间精密度分别为2.4%和2.3%(n=7)。研究结果表明,该方法可用于分离禽类蛋黄浆质中的LDL,同时能够得到LDL水力学粒径分布。     

Oxidative status of human low density lipoprotein isolated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography--assessment by total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, 7-hydroxycholesterol, and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha)

This study aims to measure the oxidative status of LDL from human plasma (n=26) as assessed by biomarkers for lipid peroxidation, total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (tHODE), 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (t7-OHCh), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (t8-iso-PGF(2alpha)) after subfractionation of LDL with an anion-exchange HPLC (AE-HPLC). LDL was separated and quantified by AE-HPLC as LDL-1, LDL-2, and LDL-3 in the order of the anionic charge of the LDL particles. The concentrations of tHODE, t7-OHCh, and t8-iso-PGF(2alpha) in both plasma and LDL subfractions were assessed after reduction and saponification. In this method, the free and ester forms of hydroperoxides, ketones, and hydroxides of linoleic acid and cholesterol are measured as tHODE and t7-OHCh, respectively. It was found that tHODE significantly correlated with the proportion of LDL-2 and LDL-3 as well as with the concentration of malondialdehyde-modified LDL in plasma. Further, by the analyses of LDL subfractions, the concentrations of tHODE, t8-iso-PGF(2alpha), and t7-OHCh in LDL-3 were found to be significantly higher than those in LDL-1 and LDL-2. These results clearly indicate that the extent of oxidation increases in the order of LDL-1相似文献   

Application of High Polymers in Extracorporeal Blood Treatment

Applications of high polymers, especially conventional polymers used in an extracorporeal blood purification system, are discussed through the development of an LDL (low-density lipoprotein) apheresis system. An adsorption-based blood purification system designed to remove LDL selectively (a major risk factor leading to severe heart disease) was developed using dextransulfate as the specific ligand to adsorb LDL. Dextransulfate, in order to give a novel function similar to that of an LDL receptor, was covalently bound to porous cellulose beads with optimized morphology. The sophisticated function of an LDL receptor was successfully mimicked by the appropriate combination of well-defined conventional polymers, namely dextransulfate and cellulose. A total apheresis system, including a plasma separator, was also designed solely utilizing high polymers. This enabled the total system to be disposable, ensuring reliability. High polymers used in the system were all conventional polymers, those already qualified and evaluated for medical use. In designing this new blood purification system, our approach was to employ many of the conventional and qualified polymers, leading to a system industrially manufacturable, reliable and accepted as standard treatment in the medical community. This system demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia, and is widely used in the world as standard treatment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丁香对低密度脂蛋白氧化过程中荧光特性变化的影响

低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化修饰是导致动脉粥样硬化(AS)的关键因素,LDL在氧化修饰过程中荧光特性会发生一系列改变。为评价丁香对LDL氧化过程中荧光的抑制效果,采用传统荧光及三维荧光等高线光谱研究丁香对LDL氧化修饰过程中荧光特性的影响。结果显示： LDL氧化孵育荧光特性的最佳测定时间为48 h;丁香粗提物对LDL氧化修饰过程中色氨酸(Trp)荧光猝灭、荧光发色团红移、氧化产生的活性醛修饰apoB 100所含赖氨酸(Lys)残基变化、荧光物质和脂褐素产生及三维荧光的变化均具有较好的抑制作用,且抑制作用与粗提物浓度成正相关。在此基础上进一步发现,丁香各极性成分(正己烷相(丁香精油)、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相及水相)对LDL氧化修饰过程荧光特征的变化影响不一。其中,正己烷相对Trp荧光猝灭、荧光发色团红移及三维荧光变化的抑制作用最强,而乙酸乙酯相抑制活性醛修饰Lys残基、荧光物质和脂褐素的产生效果最好。结果表明,丁香对LDL氧化修饰过程中荧光特性的变化具有较好的抑制作用,抑制作用的主要物质集中在正己烷相和乙酸乙酯相。该研究为后续丁香组成分析及其功能食品研发提供参考。     

Antibody–Ferrocene Conjugates as a Platform for Electro-Chemical Detection of Low-Density Lipoprotein

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a cardiac biomarker identified in the pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Typically, the level of LDL is calculated using the Friedewald relationship based on measured values of total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and triglycerides. Unfortunately, this approach leads to some errors in calculation. Therefore, direct methods that can be used for fast and accurate detection of LDL are needed. The purpose of this study was to develop an electrochemical platform for the detection of LDL based on an antibody–ferrocene conjugate. An anti-apolipoprotein B-100 antibody labeled with ferrocene was covalently immobilized on the layer of 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) on the surface of gold electrodes. Upon interaction between LDL and the antibody–ferrocene conjugate, a decrease in the ferrocene redox signal registered by square wave voltammetry was observed, which depends linearly on the concentration from 0.01 ng/mL to 1.0 ng/mL. The obtained limit of detection was equal to 0.53 ng/mL. Moreover, the satisfied selectivity toward human serum albumin (HSA), HDL, and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) was observed. In addition, the acceptable recovery rates of LDL in human serum samples indicate the possible application of immunosensors presented in clinical diagnostics.