小视角对颜色差别阀的影响

在均匀颜色空间的颜色差别计箅中,亮度和色彩的作用是相关且不同的,尤其是在目标尺度对人眼张角(亦称视角)小于30角度分的条件下观察,由于亮度差和色彩差受视角变化的影响程度不同步,使得人眼颜色差别分辨阈亦不确定。本文通过一定的试验和计算,探讨了在不同的亮度差和色彩差的情况下,颜色差别阈受视角影响的变化规律。     

血液中苯丙氨酸的测定方法研究进展

高效、简便、快速测定血液中苯丙氨酸含量在医学上尤其是对新生儿的苯丙酮尿症的筛查有着重要的意义；本文就血液中苯丙氨酸的测定方法研究进展进行了综述，内容包括：细菌抑制法、荧光法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱—质谱联用、质谱—质谱联用、毛细管电泳、酶／比色法以及酶电极法等。     

Evaluation of the quality of colour changes of complexometric indicators in the titration of copper (II) with EDTA by tristimulus colorimetry

The quality of colour changes of the indicators hematoxylin, 4(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), xylenol orange, pyrocatechol violet, chromazurolS and eriochrome cyanineR in the complexometric titration of copper(II) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were studied with the help of tristimulus colorimetry, utilising a comparative study of the parameters SCD (specific colour discrimination), CIE La^*b^* 1976 and LABHNU 1977. Hematoxylin was found to be the best indicator among those studied. A screened indicator, viz. PAR + malachite green (52), was developed to enhance the quality of colour transition at the end-point and the accuracy of the titrimetric determination.     

Selective spectrophotometric determination of TNT in soil and water with dicyclohexylamine extraction

Contaminated land and groundwater remediation in military waste dumping sites often necessitates the use of simple, cost-effective, and rapid tests for detecting trinitrotoluene (TNT) residues in the field along with their dinitro-analogues. A simple, rapid, low-cost, and field-adaptable (on-site) colorimetric method was developed for quantifying TNT in the presence of RDX, PETN, picric acid, 2,4-DNT (dinitrotoluene), dinitrophenol, and dinitroaniline. Most commercialized methods for TNT assay-with the exception of Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory of the U.S. Army (CRREL) method-use proprietary chemicals, and the color stability and intensity are highly dependent on the composition of the organic solution comprised of acetone or methanol. The developed colorimetric method is based on the extraction of TNT from water-acetone solution into an organic solvent mixture of dicyclohexylamine (DCHA)-isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) (10:1, v/v), filtration through a filter paper into a stoppered optical cell containing anhydrous sodium sulfate, and measurement of the absorbance of the organic extract at 531 nm after 5 min. The red-violet color of the extract was due to intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) between the electron attracting TNT and electron-donating DCHA, and the molar absorptivity for TNT in final organic solution was (1.16 ± 0.02) × 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹.The R.S.D. of the slope of calibration line was 0.7%. The LOD of the method in the final organic phase was 0.38 μM TNT, and LOD values expressed on the basis of original soil TNT content were 0.5, 1.3, and 1.5 ppm (μg g⁻¹) for clay, loamy clay, and sandy soils, respectively. Unlike other spectrophotometric methods, the developed assay was basically tolerant to common cations and anions found in soil and water at 100-fold weight ratios, and to soil humic acids. Among a number of compounds that may be encountered in polynitro-explosive storage and waste reclaimation sites such as picric acid, dinitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, dinitroaniline, RDX, PETN, and tetryl, only tetryl interfered with the developed TNT assay. Water tolerance and exploitability over a wide pH range were other superiorities over the CRREL method. The CT-complex was relatively stable, as the absorbance of the organic extract was not significantly influenced from the dilution of the water-acetone phase. Aside from the extractive-photometric procedure established for aqueous solutions, a simulated field colorimetric assay for TNT directly applicable to soil was also devised, based on direct color development in a 4:1 (v/v) acetone-dicyclohexylamine organic extract of soil at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 5 mL g⁻¹.     

Ion-pair adsorption film colorimetry — A new simple method for ppb level of aluminum ion in water sample

A new, highly sensitive and simple colorimetric method for trace aluminum(III) with 2,2-dihydroxyazobenzene, H₂L, is described, based on the ion-pair adsorption of the anionic Al chelate, [A1L₂ ^–, with crystal violet cation, CV⁺, on the surface of Polyvinylchloride film plasticized with dioctylphthalate. The blue violet species, CV⁺[A1L₂]^–, is enriched onto the transparent film, leading to a remarkable enhancement of the sensitivity, and the detection limits are 3 ng/ml by spectrophotometry and 5 ng/ml by visual colorimetry, respectively. Using spectrophotometer, a linear calibration curve is obtained over the concentration range of 0 to 50 ng/ml of Al. Further, the color system, consisting of red ([A1L₂]^–), yellow (H₂L), and blue violet (CV⁺), gave clear color changes suitable for visual determination of aluminum with an applicable range of 0 to above 3000 ng/ml. The four different color zones are khaki for 0–5 ng/ml, reddish-brown for 5–200 ng/ml, blue violet for 200 ng/ml-3g/ml, and colorless for more than 3g/ml. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of aluminum in tap waters.     

Studies on the solvatochromism of Fe(CN)2(phen)2

Summary The influence of organic solvents on the electronic spectra of Fe(CN)₂(phen)₂ has been investigated by trichromatic colorimetry. The color parameters of these solutions have been calculated on the basis of the absorption spectra and are described in the CIE and CIELAB color spaces. It has been shown that one of the parameters (the so-called hue angle) could be related to some acidity parameters of solvents. Thus, it is possible to calculate the hue angle and, therefore, to predict the color of solution if the solvent acceptor number is known, or vice versa.

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Untersuchung zur Solvatochromie von Fe(CN)₂(phen)₂

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß organischer Lösungsmittel auf die UV-Spektren von Fe(CN)₂-(phen)₂ wurde mittels trichromatischer Kolorimetrie untersucht. Die Farbparameter der Lösungen wurden aus den Absorptionsspektren berechnet und werden in den CIE- und CIELAB-Farbräumen beschrieben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß einer der Farbparameter (der sogenannte Farbtonwinkel) zu den Aciditätsparametern des jeweiligen Lösungsmittels in Beziehung gesetzt werden kann. Es ist daher z.B. möglich, die Farbe der Lösung vorherzusagen, wenn die Akzeptorzahl des Lösungsmittels bekannt ist und umgekehrt.

     

Optimized Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Factorial Design with Application for the Determination of Melamine in Milk

A colorimetric method based on silver nanoparticles was developed for the determination of melamine in milk. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized without any stabilizer, using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent. Optimization of the variables for the formation of the nanoparticles was performed by factorial design, resulting in stable colloidal silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 14.0?±?2.7?nm. Spectrophotometric measurements performed at 475?nm showed a linear range from 0.033 to 1.50?mg?L^?1 of melamine with limits of detection and quantification of 0.009 and 0.031?mg?L^?1, respectively. The method provided highly sensitive determination of melamine in milk.     

Determination of Total Tannin of White and Red Rind Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) by Colorimetry Method Using Reagent 1, 10 Phenantroline

Determination of the total tannin of white and red rind pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has been carried out by colorimetry method using reagent 1,10 phenantroline. This method is based on reduction of iron (III) into iron (II) by tannin at temperature 80⁰C for 20 min. Then the formed of iron (II) was reacted with 1,10 phenantroline to form orange red colour complex that could be measured by spectrophotometer visible at maximum absorption wavelength of 508 nm. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) obtained were 0.34 μg/mL and 1.14 μg/mL, respectively. This result was found to be linier with R value of 0.9984; accuracy as percent recovery was 84.69 ± 0.85% and coefficient of variant (KV) was 1.003% for white rind pomegranate while red rind pomegranate percent recovery was 84.38 ± 0,45% and coefficient of variant (KV) was 0.53%. The total tannin of white rind pomegranate was 18.28 ± 0.072%b/b and red rind pomegranate was 17.33 ± 0.081%b/b     

Ferrozine colorimetry and reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) based method for the determination of total iron in aqueous solutions at nanomolar concentrations

Iron is one of the most microbiologically and chemically important metals in natural waters. The biogeochemical cycling of iron is significantly influenced by the redox cycling of Fe(II) and Fe(III). Because of the unique chemistry of iron, it is often needed to analyze iron at nano-molar concentrations. This article describes a reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) based method with ferrozine spectrophotometric detection to quantify total iron concentration in stream water at nanomolar concentrations. The rFIA system has a 0.65 nM detection limit and a linear dynamic range up to 1.40 μM for the total iron analysis. The detection limit was achieved using a 1.0 m long liquid waveguide capillary flow cell, 1.50 m long knotted reaction coil, 87.50 μL injection loop and a miniature fiber optics spectrophotometer. The optimized colorimetric reagent has 1.0 mM ferrozine, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 1.0 mM citric acid and 0.10 M acetate buffer adjusted to pH 4.0. The best sample flow rate is 2.1 mL min^?1 providing a sample throughput of more than 15 samples h^?1. The linear dynamic range of the method can be adjusted by changing the volume of the injection loop. The rFIA manifold was assembled exclusively from commercially available components.     

端粒酶活性检测研究进展

端粒酶活性检测方法经过近30年的不断改革与发展,取得了巨大突破。该文重点综述了近3年的端粒酶活性检测方法,其中包括化学反应发光法、电化学法、荧光分析法、比色法等,旨在更加全面地了解目前端粒酶活性检测的研究进展,为设计新的端粒酶活性检测方法和克服端粒酶活性检测方法在临床试验中的挑战提供思路。