Micellar and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography of hop bitter acids

The elution order of the hop α- and β-acids has been studied under different modes of electrokinetic separation. A model is advanced to explain the shorter migration times of the more hydrophobic β-acids compared to the α-acids in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). For quality control of the bitter principles in hops, the ruggedness of electrokinetic separation could be improved by replacing MEKC by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC).     

An XAS study of the binding and reduction of Au(III) by hop biomass

Previous studies have shown that hop biomass is capable of adsorbing significant amounts of Au(III) from aqueous solutions. Hop biomass was chemically modified to determine the contributions that the different functional groups on the biomass have on the binding and reduction of Au(III). Previously, performed batch studies showed that Au(III) binding is fast, occurring within the first 5 min of contact and in a pH dependent manner. However, esterified hop biomass behaved in a pH independent manner and the binding was found not to change with changing pH. However, the hydrolyzed biomass had a similar Au(III) binding to the native hops biomass, showing a pH dependent binding trend. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis, XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure), and EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure) were used to determine the oxidation state, coordination environment, and the average radii of the gold nanoparticles bound to the hops biomass. The XAS data confirmed the presence of Au(0) in both the native and chemically modified hop biomasses. XANES fittings show that the Au(III) was reduced to Au(0) by approximately 81%, 70%, and 83% on the native, esterified, and hydrolyzed hop biomass, respectively. In addition, the calculation of the particle radius was also in agreement with the results of previously performed transmission electron microscopy studies. The average particle could only be calculated for the native and esterified hops biomass, which showed average particle radii of 17.3 Å and 9.2 Å, respectively.     

An integer linear programming approach for approximate string comparison

We introduce a problem called maximum common characters in blocks (MCCB), which arises in applications of approximate string comparison, particularly in the unification of possibly erroneous textual data coming from different sources. We show that this problem is NP-complete, but can nevertheless be solved satisfactorily using integer linear programming for instances of practical interest. Two integer linear formulations are proposed and compared in terms of their linear relaxations. We also compare the results of the approximate matching with other known measures such as the Levenshtein (edit) distance.     

An artificial hummingbird algorithm based localization with reduced number of reference nodes for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are widely used in recent years due to the advancements in wireless and sensor technologies. Many of these applications require to know the location information of nodes. This information is useful to understand the collected data and to act on them. Existing localization algorithms make use of a few reference nodes for estimating the locations of sensor nodes. But, the positioning and utilization of reference nodes increase the cost and complexity of the network. To reduce the dependency on reference nodes, in this paper, we have developed a novel optimization based localization method using only two reference nodes for the localization of the entire network. This is achieved by reference nodes identifying a few more nodes as reference nodes by the analysis of the connectivity information. The sensor nodes then use the reference nodes to identify their locations in a distributive manner using Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA). We have observed that the localization performance of the reported algorithm at a lower reference node ratio is comparable with other algorithms at higher reference node ratios.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取的应用研究──Ⅰ．萃取新疆啤酒花浸膏

本文简要介绍了超临界ＣＯ２流体萃取技术的基本原理及特点，并采用正交试验法摸索了提取啤酒花浸膏的较佳工艺条件。     

Advances in the liquid chromatography of hop bitter compounds

High efficiency liquid chromatography (LC) on both coupled conventional columns and long micro-LC columns, both with diode array detection, has revealed the presence of some hitherto unknown compounds in hop extracts. Proof is advanced that ethanol extracts of hops contain iso-alpha acids. The elution order of the cis-trans pairs of the iso-alpha acids, and the separation of the alpha acids from the deoxyalpha acids, is reversed by switching from methanol to acetonitrile in the reversed phase solvent system. An LC solvent system giving higher resolution (higher selectivity factor) of the iso-alpha acid cis and trans stereoisomers is obtained by adding magnesium salts to the eluent.     

Fast heuristics for the Steiner tree problem with revenues,budget and hop constraints

This article describes and compares three heuristics for a variant of the Steiner tree problem with revenues, which includes budget and hop constraints. First, a greedy method which obtains good approximations in short computational times is proposed. This initial solution is then improved by means of a destroy-and-repair method or a tabu search algorithm. Computational results compare the three methods in terms of accuracy and speed.     

用于可信任中继量子密钥分配网络的差异化服务提供机制(英文)

为了向用户提供差异化的密钥服务,研究了配备密钥池的可信任量子密钥分配网络.首先,理论分析了数据包时延和密钥池的关系,给出了具体关系式,指出带有密钥池缓存功能的量子密钥分配网络的平均数据包时延与密钥产生速率、密钥池的初始密钥长度、以及数据包的平均长度、到达时间和到达率密切相关.对比理论分析和软件仿真结果,验证了时延分析的正确性.其次,将密钥提供服务分为三类:保证提供型、优先提供型和尽力提供型,并提出了相应的技术实现方案,即提前预约、逐跳插队和逐跳排队;最后,仿真结果表明差异化密钥服务提供机制是有效的.     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography of ionic compounds: The analysis of hop bitter acids

Successful separation of the six major hop bitter compounds by micellar electrokinetic chromatography depends critically on precise pH control. Any factor which can affect the actual in-column pH must, therefore, also be carefully controlled: it has been found that temperature-induced changes of the buffer pH can cause loss of resolution and even reversals in elution order. The pH level at which the effects occur suggests that the pKa values of the analytes are modified by the micellar medium.