Lipids from the Marine Alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilaria verrucosa</Emphasis>

The composition of lipids and fatty acids from the red alga Gracilaria verrucosa, for which a high content of 20:4n-6 acid is typical, was studied. The principal lipids were digalactosyldiacylglycerides, phosphatidylcholines (PC), monogalactosyldiacylglyderides (MGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerides, the fraction of each was approximately the same. Sphingophospholipids, inositephosphoceramides, were identified among the polar lipids. Each lipid class differed in the ratio of fatty acids (FA). The FA of all glycerolipids contained 20:4n-6 acid but its concentration was greatest in MGDG and PC, 67.2% and 56.5% of the acid mass.__________Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 230–232, May–June, 2005.     

原子吸收光谱法测定龙须菜中7种微量元素含量

采用干法灰化-原子吸收光谱法测定龙须菜中的铜、铁、锰、镁、锌、铬、镍7种微量元素含量.结果表明:龙须菜中含有丰富的人体必需的微量元素,作为食用蔬菜对人体补充微量元素有较高的利用价值.该法具有良好的准确度和精密度,加标回收在90.0%-100.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤5.0%,结果可靠,操作方便,可用于同类藻类制品的测定.     

Previously undescribed antioxidative azocinyl morpholinone alkaloid from red seaweed Gracilaria opuntia with anti-cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase properties

In vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanol: ethyl acetate crude extract of the thalli of red seaweed Gracilaria opuntia collected from the Gulf of Mannar led to the isolation of a new morpholine alkaloid 3-(2-ethyl-6-((3Z,7Z)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydroazocin-5-yl)hexyl) morpholin-6-one. The substituted azocinyl morpholinone recorded significant 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil free radical scavenging activities (IC₅₀ ~ 0.086 mg/mL) compared to the commercially available antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and α-tocopherol (IC₅₀ > 0.20 mg/mL). The title compound showed greater cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 0.84 mg/mL) in conjunction with in vitro 5-lipoxidase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 0.85 mg/mL) than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The test compound had better selectivity index (COX-1/COX-2 ratio) (1.17 mg/mL) compared to aspirin (0.02 mg/mL), Na salicylate (0.73 mg/mL) and ibuprofen (0.44 mg/mL). The animals challenged with the substituted azocinyl morpholinone significantly mitigated the carrageenan-induced paw edema in time-dependent manner till the end of 6 h.     

不同分子量龙须菜多糖对草酸钙结晶的调控作用

植物多糖的化学结构与尿液中的结石抑制剂葡胺聚糖相似,有可能用于预防和治疗肾结石。天然多糖由于分子量和分子体积过大,导致其应用受到限制。研究了四种分子量分别为49.6,16.2,8.2和3.8 kDa的降解龙须菜多糖GLP1,GLP2,GLP3和GLP4对草酸钙(CaOx)晶体生长的调控作用。1H NMR,13C NMR和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)谱分析表明四种GLPs由β-D-半乳糖和6-O-硫酸基-3,6-α-L-吡喃半乳糖组成。X射线衍射(XRD)检测表明,在各GLPs存在下,诱导了二水草酸钙(COD)晶体形成,COD的衍射峰出现在晶面间距d=0.617,0.441,0.277和0.224 nm处;而没有多糖存在时只生成一水草酸钙(COM)晶体,COM的衍射峰出现在d=0.593,0.364,0.296和0.235 nm。由于COD比COM更容易排出体外,COD的形成有利于降低结石形成的风险。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)检测表明,随着GLP分子量减小或GLP浓度增加,草酸根中羧基的不对称伸缩振动ν_as(COO-)和对称对称伸缩振动ν_s(COO-)都发生了不同程度的蓝移,其中ν_as(COO-)从1 618 cm-1增加到1 642 cm-1,ν_s(COO-)从1 318 cm-1增加到1 328 cm-1,即GLP4诱导的全部是COD晶体。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检测表明,随着GLP分子量减小,不但晶体中COD的比例增加,而且晶体的分散程度增大,晶体更加圆钝。随着GLP分子量减小或GLP浓度增加,其诱导生成的CaOx晶体表面电荷越负,Zeta电位绝对值越大,这有利于抑制晶体的聚集。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)检测表明,四种GLPs均可以增加溶液中可溶性Ca2+的浓度,同时减少CaOx沉淀的生成量。在浓度为1.0 g·L-1多糖存在时,上清液中可溶性Ca2+的摩尔浓度分别为：GLP4 (37.88 μmol·L-1)>GLP3 (19.70 μmol·L-1)>GLP2 (16.05 μmol·L-1)>GLP1 (10.55 μmol·L-1)。结果表明,四种GLPs均可以抑制COM生长,诱导COD生成,降低晶体的聚集程度,增加晶体表面的Zeta电位绝对值和溶液中可溶性Ca2+浓度,减少CaOx晶体的生成量,且GLPs的调控活性与其分子量呈负相关。这些结果提示GLPs特别是分子量最小的GLP4有可能是防治CaOx结石的潜在药物。     

First report of antioxidant abeo-labdane type diterpenoid from intertidal red seaweed Gracilaria salicornia with 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory potential

Abstract

Phytochemical investigation on the biologically active compounds of seaweed Gracilaria salicornia {(C. Agardh) E.Y. Dawson} (family Gracilariaceae) guided to the separation of a previously unreported abeo-labdane class of diterpenoid. The compound was characterized as methyl-16(13→14)-abeo-7-labdene-(12-oxo) carboxylate by extensive spectroscopic experiments, and comparison with the related compounds. The studied compound registered significantly greater activities against pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenase (IC₅₀ 0.86?mg/mL) than that exhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent ibuprofen (IC₅₀ 0.92?mg/mL, P?<?0.05). Likewise, this compound exhibited comparable radical quenching (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) activity (IC₅₀ 0.66?mg/mL) as standard antioxidant agent α-tocopherol (IC₅₀ 0.62?mg/mL).     

Enantioseparation of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by hydroxypropyl‐γ‐cyclodextrin‐modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography

Complete resolution of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) enantiomers was achieved using hydroxypropyl‐γ‐cyclodextrin (HP‐γ‐CD)‐modified MEKC. The optimum running conditions were determined to be utilizing a 30 mM phosphate–15 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 30 mM HP‐γ‐CD and 75 mM SDS as the BGE, application of +30 kV as the effective voltage, and carrying out the experiment at 15°C. The eluents were detected at 235 nm. The method was used successfully for the simultaneous separations of (S)‐ and (R)‐enantiomers of regioisomeric 8‐, 11‐, 12‐, and 15‐HETEs. Subsequently, the optimized method was applied to evaluate the stereochemistry of 8‐ and 12‐HETEs from the marine red algae, Gracilaria vermiculophylla and Gracilaria arcuata, respectively. The 8‐HETE was found to be a mixture of 98% (R)‐enantiomer and 2% (S)‐enantiomer, while the 12‐HETE was a mixture of 98% (S)‐enantiomer and 2% (R)‐enantiomer. The present study demonstrates that the HP‐γ‐CD‐modified MEKC method is simple and sensitive and provides unambiguous information on the configuration of natural and synthetic HETEs.     

Effects of changes of irradiance on the pigment composition of Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui Zhang et Xia

In plants, excess irradiation can damage the photosynthetic apparatus, although some protective mechanisms exist. The excess energy can be dissipated as thermal energy, and pigments (i.e., carotenoids) also play an important role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus by epoxidating reactions. Chromatographic analysis of pigment extracts of Gracilaria tenuistipitata shows that zeaxanthin is the major carotenoid in this alga, accounting for up to 82% of total carotenoids. Short-term (55 h) and long-term (10 days) response of the pigments shows that Chl a, β-carotene and zeaxanthin degradation after light increase follows negative exponential trends, while the response of biliproteins is almost linear. Decreasing the irradiance results in a clear saturating response of the synthesis of Chl a and β-carotene after one to two days. Biliprotein synthesis displays a double linear trend, the first one lasting for four days in the cases of both R-phycoerythrin (RPE) and R-phycocyanin (RPC). The response of zeaxanthin is always faster than that of Chl a or biliproteins to changes of irradiance. Our results might indicate the presence of two pools of zeaxanthin in this alga, with different acclimation responses to the changes in the photon flux density.     

High-sensitivity detection of polysaccharide using phosphodiesters quaternary ammonium salt as probe by decreased resonance light scattering

Phosphodiesters quaternary ammonium salt (PQAS) displayed quite intense light scattering in aqueous solution under the optimum condition. In addition, the resonance light scattering (RLS) signal of PQAS was remarkably decreased after adding trace amount polysaccharide with the maximum peak located at 391 nm. It was found that the decreased RLS intensity of the PQAS − PPGL system (ΔI_RLS) was in proportion to PPGL concentration in the range of 0.1-30 ng mL⁻¹, with a lower detection limit of 0.05 ng mL⁻¹. Based on this rare decreased RLS phenomenon, the novel method of the determination of purified polysaccharide of Gracilaria Lemaneiformis (PPGL) at nanogram level was proposed in this contribution. The proposed approach was used to determine purified polysaccharide extracted from Gracilaria Lemaneiformis with satisfactory results. Compared with the reported polysaccharide assays, this proposed method has good selectivity, high sensitivity and is especially simple and convenient. Moreover, the mechanism of the reaction between PQAS and polysaccharide was investigated by RLS, fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime spectra.     

Electrospun nanofibers decorated with bio-sonochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as an ultrasensitive probe in amalgam-based mercury (II) detection system

In this study, bio-ultrasound-assisted synthesized gold nanoparticles using Gracilaria canaliculata algae have been immobilized on a polymeric support and used as a glassy probe chemosensor for detection and rapid removal of Hg²⁺ ions. The function of the suggested chemosensor has been explained based on gold-amalgam formation and its catalytic role on the reaction of sodium borohydride and rhodamine B (RhB) with fluorescent and colorimetric sensing function. The catalyzed reduction of RhB by the gold amalgam led to a distinguished color change from red and yellow florescence to colorless by converting the amount of Hg²⁺ deposited on Au-NPs. The detection limit of the colorimetric and fluorescence assays for Hg²⁺ was 2.21 nM and 1.10 nM respectively. By exposing the mentioned colorless solution to air for at least 2 h, unexpectedly it was observed that the color and fluorescence of RhB were restored. Have the benefit of the above phenomenon a recyclable and portable glass-based sensor has been provided by immobilizing the Au-NPs and RB on the glass slide using electrospinning. Moreover, the introduced combinatorial membrane has facilitated the detection and removal of Hg²⁺ ions in various Hg (II)-contaminated real water samples with efficiency of up to 99%.     

粗江蓠多糖的提取及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖(gracilaria gigas harvey polysaccharides, GHPS),用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)测多糖中矿物元素的含量,傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团。结果表明：采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖提取率达14.98%,苯酚-硫酸法测得提取物多糖含量为78.2%;ICP测得粗江蓠多糖含Ca,Fe,Mg和S等矿物元素;FTIR分析GHPS有一般糖类物质的特征吸收峰,是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环。