艾塞那肽对2 型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和胰岛超微结构的影响

目的 研究胰高糖素样肽-1 受体激动剂艾塞那肽对2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢和胰岛细胞的影响及其作用机制。方法 健康雄性SD 大鼠随机分为正常对照组（C 组6只）、正常对照+ 艾塞那肽处理组（C+E 组6 只）、糖尿病组（D 组5 只）以及糖尿病+ 艾塞那肽处理组（D+E 组5 只）,由高脂饮食加小剂量STZ 诱导成2型糖尿病后,D+E 组以及C+E 组大鼠予艾塞那肽,5μg,腹部皮下注射,1 次/d 干预;8 周后,分别测定各组大鼠体重、FBG、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）以及血脂谱。同时行透射电子显微镜观察大鼠胰岛组织超微结构改变。结果 D+E 组大鼠FBG、FINS、TG、TC、LDL、HOMA-IR水平均明显低于未予干预的D 组大鼠（均P＜0.05）,ISI 则显著高于D 组大鼠（P＜0.05）。超微结构研究,与D 组大鼠比较,D+E 组大鼠胰岛β 细胞数量增加,形态较规则,胞质分泌颗粒增加,颗粒密度较正常;仅见少量线粒体肿胀,结构模糊。内质网结构无明显破坏。结论 艾塞那肽能显著改善2型糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢紊乱,对其残存的胰岛细胞具有明确的保护作用。     

Late-stage lipidation of fully elaborated tryptophan-containing peptides for improved pharmacokinetics

The late-stage modification of native peptides to alter and/or enhance their properties and functions is attractive but formidably challenging. Peptide lipidation is one of the effective strategies to overcome short half-life and rapid clearance. Herein, we report a late-stage installation of a fatty acid lipid onto fully elaborated peptides, using glucagon as an example, through regio- and chemoselective functionalization of tryptophan with high potency and remarkable in vivo half-life extension.     

硫硒化镉纳米颗粒对胰高血糖素聚集的影响

利用原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和荧光光度计等研究了硫硒化镉纳米颗粒对胰高血糖素聚集的影响, 包括聚集形成纤维数量的多少、纤维的生长速度等. 结果表明: 硫硒化镉纳米颗粒能够抑制胰高血糖素多肽的聚集, 并且随着颗粒浓度的增加, 其抑制胰高血糖素维化的程度也明显加剧. 另外, 还对纳米颗粒抑制胰高血糖素聚集的机理进行了初步讨论.     

Facile synthesis of benzamides to mimic an α-helix

A new α-helix mimetic was designed by using a benzamide as a rigid scaffold. It presents three functional groups corresponding to side chains of amino acids found at the i, i + 4, and i + 7 positions of an ideal α-helix, which are displayed on the same helical face. Its efficient synthesis was achieved by employing simple alkylation and amidation reactions which can be easily adapted for solid-phase synthesis. As a result, two tris-benzamides were produced to mimic two helical regions found in a peptide hormone, glucagon.     

Optimization of capillary electrophoresis conditions for a glucagon competitive immunoassay using response surface methodology

The capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions for a competitive immunoassay of glucagon were optimized for highest sensitivity of the immunoassay and resolution of the electrophoretic peaks using a Box–Behnken design. Injection time, voltage ramp time, and separation voltage were varied between three levels and two responses, bound-to-free (B/F) ratio of the immunoassay peaks and resolution between the peaks, were measured. Analysis of variance was applied to fit a predictive model, and a desirability function was used to simultaneously optimize both responses. A 10-s injection, 1.6-min ramp time, and a 22-kV separation voltage were the conditions found when high B/F was given more emphasis than high resolution. To test the model, calibration curves of a glucagon immunoassay were measured at the optimum and least optimum CE conditions. Optimal conditions increased the sensitivity of the immunoassay by 388% compared to the least optimum conditions while maintaining adequate resolution.

Highly efficient detection of insulinotropic action of glucagon via GLP-1 receptor in mice pancreatic beta-cell with a novel perfusion microchip

Glucagon exhibits insulinotropic ability by activating cAMP through glucagon or glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptors.To investigate the mechanism of endogenous and exogenous glucagon on insulin release,we studied the receptor selectivity on pancreatic islet beta-cells by switching the glucose concentration from 20 mmol/L to 0 mmol/L To measure the exact temporal relationship between glucagon and insulin release,we developed a quick,small volume,multi-channel polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) microchip.At 0 mmol/L glucose,we observed an insulinotropic effect in both INS-1 cells and islets.Meanwhile,we observed a 63 ± 6.27 s delay of endogenous glucagon-induced insulin release.After treatment with glucagon and GLP-1 receptor antagonists,we found that endogenous glucagon utilized the glucagon receptor,whereas exogenous glucagon primarily utilized the GLP-1 receptor to promote insulin secretion.The microchip can also be used to describe the "glucagonocentric" vision of diabetes pathophysiology.Taken together,the insulinotropic mechanism of different receptors should be taken into account in clinical treatments.     

Two-color electrophoretic immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of insulin and glucagon content in islets of Langerhans

A multianalyte CE competitive immunoassay using two-color detection was developed to measure insulin and glucagon in islets of Langerhans. Insulin was quantified with FITC-insulin (Ins*) and anti-insulin antibodies (Ins Ab) and glucagon was quantified with Cy5-glucagon (Glu*) and anti-glucagon antibodies (Glu Ab). A 3 mW Ar(+) laser at 488 nm and a 25 mW laser diode at 635 nm were used to excite FITC and Cy5, respectively. Fluorescence was split with a half-silvered mirror and passed through a 520 +/- 20 nm bandpass filter or a 663 nm longpass filter for the detection of insulin and glucagon, respectively. The two-color detection format enabled independent quantitation of both analytes even with concentrations of insulin immunoassay reagents 20-fold higher than glucagon reagents. Simultaneous calibration curves were generated and used to determine insulin and glucagon content in islets of Langerhans. Amounts of insulin and glucagon were 56.6 +/- 3.2 and 1.0 +/- 0.5 ng/islet, respectively. LODs were 7 nM insulin and 3 nM glucagon. The assay will be applicable to fast monitoring of multiple peptides secreted from islets of Langerhans and can be applied to other systems for the quantitation of multiple analytes with large differences in concentrations.